MJN 2016 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 22 No.1, 2016
Table of Content
MJN, April 2016 Cover
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Editorial - Treading the Path Towards an International Journal
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Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos Southwest, Nigeria
Lilian Ezechi, Bartholomew Brai, Grace Osifeso, Patricia Mbah & Oliver Ezechi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Behaviour change and the use of antiretroviral drugs have been the main focus of most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and control programs, with minimal focus given to the role of nutrition. Additionally, women are affected the most and have the responsibility to care for other family members.
Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design to determine the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices of women living with I IN/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from women selected through systematic random sampling at a large I ITV treatment Centre in Lagos, Nigeria.
Results: The majority of the respondents in this study were less than 40 years (70%), married (67.2%), and had at least a secondary education (83.0%). The majority (59.7%) of the women earned less than USD 200 per month. Although knowledge of nutrition and attitude was poor, nutritional practices were good. Older women who were married and had at least a secondary education were found to have better knowledge of nutrition than their younger peers who were single and less educated. Education was also found to positively influence nutritional practice as having at least a secondary education was found to be significantly associated with good nutrition.
Conclusion: This study showed that I fly positive mothers had poor knowledge and attitude to nutrition but relatively good nutritional practices. Nutrition education should be integrated into routine counselling at I IIV treatment centres, aimed at improving the knowledge and attitude to nutrition among HIV positive women.
Key words: Awareness, HIV, knowledge, nutrition practice, women
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Introduction: Behaviour change and the use of antiretroviral drugs have been the main focus of most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and control programs, with minimal focus given to the role of nutrition. Additionally, women are affected the most and have the responsibility to care for other family members.
Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design to determine the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices of women living with I IN/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from women selected through systematic random sampling at a large I ITV treatment Centre in Lagos, Nigeria.
Results: The majority of the respondents in this study were less than 40 years (70%), married (67.2%), and had at least a secondary education (83.0%). The majority (59.7%) of the women earned less than USD 200 per month. Although knowledge of nutrition and attitude was poor, nutritional practices were good. Older women who were married and had at least a secondary education were found to have better knowledge of nutrition than their younger peers who were single and less educated. Education was also found to positively influence nutritional practice as having at least a secondary education was found to be significantly associated with good nutrition.
Conclusion: This study showed that I fly positive mothers had poor knowledge and attitude to nutrition but relatively good nutritional practices. Nutrition education should be integrated into routine counselling at I IIV treatment centres, aimed at improving the knowledge and attitude to nutrition among HIV positive women.
Key words: Awareness, HIV, knowledge, nutrition practice, women
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Influence of Age and Education on Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Choices among Chinese Consumers in Shenyang, China
Roseline Love MacArthur, Yue Hua Wang & Xuqiao Feng
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Consumers seldom pay attention to the nutritional aspects of food during purchasing. The study examined the influence of age and level of education on the nutrition knowledge and dietary choices of a sample of Chinese consumers.
Methods: Probability and non-probability sampling methods were used to select four supermarkets and subjects for this cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning Province in China. A response rate of 95.9% was obtained after retrieving 400 questionnaires out of 417 distributed.
Results: About two-thirds (615%) of the respondents rated their nutrition knowledge level as "fair". Independent t-test revealed a significant age difference in knowledge levels (t (398) = 5.467, p < 0.01 (two-tailed)] with 7.0% (eta square (re) = 0.070) of the variance in nutritional knowledge explained by age groups. Significant differences (p < 0.01) in knowledge level jF (2, 397) = 7.765, p = 0.00] were also observed among the three educational groups using one-way ANOVA, with nutritional knowledge accounting for 19.1% (eta square (re) = 0.191) of the variance. However, age and level of education did not present any significant influence on the respondents' food choices. The results suggest that nutrition knowledge increased with age and level of education, but did not sufficiently affect food choices.
Conclusion: Supportive nutrition education on use of label information complemented with practical use of such information may augment nutrition knowledge and assist consumers to make healthy food choices.
Key words: Age, China, consumers, education, nutrition knowledge
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Introduction: Consumers seldom pay attention to the nutritional aspects of food during purchasing. The study examined the influence of age and level of education on the nutrition knowledge and dietary choices of a sample of Chinese consumers.
Methods: Probability and non-probability sampling methods were used to select four supermarkets and subjects for this cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning Province in China. A response rate of 95.9% was obtained after retrieving 400 questionnaires out of 417 distributed.
Results: About two-thirds (615%) of the respondents rated their nutrition knowledge level as "fair". Independent t-test revealed a significant age difference in knowledge levels (t (398) = 5.467, p < 0.01 (two-tailed)] with 7.0% (eta square (re) = 0.070) of the variance in nutritional knowledge explained by age groups. Significant differences (p < 0.01) in knowledge level jF (2, 397) = 7.765, p = 0.00] were also observed among the three educational groups using one-way ANOVA, with nutritional knowledge accounting for 19.1% (eta square (re) = 0.191) of the variance. However, age and level of education did not present any significant influence on the respondents' food choices. The results suggest that nutrition knowledge increased with age and level of education, but did not sufficiently affect food choices.
Conclusion: Supportive nutrition education on use of label information complemented with practical use of such information may augment nutrition knowledge and assist consumers to make healthy food choices.
Key words: Age, China, consumers, education, nutrition knowledge
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Association between Isoflavones Consumption and Cognitive Function and Comorbidities among Older Adults Residing in the State of Johor, Malaysia
Bibi Nabihah AH, Suzana S & Hasnah H
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This two-phase longitudinal study sought to determine the association between isoflavones intake on cognitive function and comorbidities among older adults from the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Methods: Phase I involved baseline data collection to examine the association between isoflavones intake and cognitive function among 400 respondents aged 60-years and above, recruited through multistage random sampling. Phase 2 determined the association between isoflavones intake at the baseline and comorbidities at an 18-month follow-up. The baseline data collected included information on socio-demographics, health status, andunpometric measurements, and dietary intake using a dietary history questionnaire (DHQ). Each participant's cognitive function was evaluated using a mini mental state examination (MMSE), digit span, digit symbol, and geriatric depression scale (GDS).
Results: The daily intake of total isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein were 19.1±19.7,11.7±12.3 and 7.6+8.1 mg/day, respectively. There was no significant association between isoflavones intake, and specific cognitive function including global, memory, executive functions, and depression. However, there was a significant association (p<0.05) between isoflavones intake r=0.131 (95% CI: 0.064-0.199), daidzein intake r0.132 (95% CI: 0.064-0.199), and genistein intake ra0.129 (95% CI: 0.062-0.197) with memory (digit span) after adjustment for age, gender, educational level, and body mass index (11M1). No association was found between isoflavones intake and comorbidities (p> 0.05).
Conclusion: This study found an association between isoflavones intake and memory function, but not with global cognitive, executive functions, depression, and comorbidities. There is a need to promote adequate isoflavones intake in view of its association with memory function.
Key words: Cognitive function, comorbidities, isoflavones, older adults, phytoestrogen
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Introduction: This two-phase longitudinal study sought to determine the association between isoflavones intake on cognitive function and comorbidities among older adults from the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Methods: Phase I involved baseline data collection to examine the association between isoflavones intake and cognitive function among 400 respondents aged 60-years and above, recruited through multistage random sampling. Phase 2 determined the association between isoflavones intake at the baseline and comorbidities at an 18-month follow-up. The baseline data collected included information on socio-demographics, health status, andunpometric measurements, and dietary intake using a dietary history questionnaire (DHQ). Each participant's cognitive function was evaluated using a mini mental state examination (MMSE), digit span, digit symbol, and geriatric depression scale (GDS).
Results: The daily intake of total isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein were 19.1±19.7,11.7±12.3 and 7.6+8.1 mg/day, respectively. There was no significant association between isoflavones intake, and specific cognitive function including global, memory, executive functions, and depression. However, there was a significant association (p<0.05) between isoflavones intake r=0.131 (95% CI: 0.064-0.199), daidzein intake r0.132 (95% CI: 0.064-0.199), and genistein intake ra0.129 (95% CI: 0.062-0.197) with memory (digit span) after adjustment for age, gender, educational level, and body mass index (11M1). No association was found between isoflavones intake and comorbidities (p> 0.05).
Conclusion: This study found an association between isoflavones intake and memory function, but not with global cognitive, executive functions, depression, and comorbidities. There is a need to promote adequate isoflavones intake in view of its association with memory function.
Key words: Cognitive function, comorbidities, isoflavones, older adults, phytoestrogen
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Prevalence of Geriatric Malnutrition and its Associated Factors at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan
Nur Fazimah Sahran, Sakinah Harith 2 & Rosminah Mohamed
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Identified parameters associated with geriatric malnutrition add greatly to the knowledge of clinical nutrition and facilitate patient-centred nutritional care management.
Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study with the aims of deterrninine the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated parameters was conducted among hospitalised geriatrics admitted to Hospital USM. A total of 130 (49 men, 81 women) eligible participants with a mean age of 69.7 (6.99) were recruited for this study. Anthropometric tests, biochemical tests, and subjective global assessments (SGA) were applied in this study to assess the nutritional status of the participants. Meanwhile, socio-demographics, nutritional risk factors, and clinical elements were examined to identify the associated factors of malnutrition.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that 35.4% of the participants were malnourished based on SGA ratings of B (26.2%) and C (9.2%), with women having a significantly higher proportion (43.5%) compared to men (22 4%) with p<0.05. Multivariate analysis revealed that loss of appetite (p<0.001), low body mass index (EMI) (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.05), and surgical procedures (p<0.05) were significantly associated with malnutrition.
Conclusion: The associated parameters were found to be practicable in facilitating the identification process of malnutrition, and thus enable earlier nutritional intervention to improve the overall disease progress.
Key words: Geriatrics, hospitalised, malnutrition, nutritional assessment
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Introduction: Identified parameters associated with geriatric malnutrition add greatly to the knowledge of clinical nutrition and facilitate patient-centred nutritional care management.
Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study with the aims of deterrninine the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated parameters was conducted among hospitalised geriatrics admitted to Hospital USM. A total of 130 (49 men, 81 women) eligible participants with a mean age of 69.7 (6.99) were recruited for this study. Anthropometric tests, biochemical tests, and subjective global assessments (SGA) were applied in this study to assess the nutritional status of the participants. Meanwhile, socio-demographics, nutritional risk factors, and clinical elements were examined to identify the associated factors of malnutrition.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that 35.4% of the participants were malnourished based on SGA ratings of B (26.2%) and C (9.2%), with women having a significantly higher proportion (43.5%) compared to men (22 4%) with p<0.05. Multivariate analysis revealed that loss of appetite (p<0.001), low body mass index (EMI) (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.05), and surgical procedures (p<0.05) were significantly associated with malnutrition.
Conclusion: The associated parameters were found to be practicable in facilitating the identification process of malnutrition, and thus enable earlier nutritional intervention to improve the overall disease progress.
Key words: Geriatrics, hospitalised, malnutrition, nutritional assessment
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Association Between Serum Calcium and Metabolic Syndrome Indicators among Women in Mazandaran, Northern Province of Iran
Sadegh Jafarnejad, Sadaf Saremi, Mandieh Nourmohamadi & Farzan Jafamejaad
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by indicators of hypertension, abdominal obesity, abnormal lipid profile, and hyperglycaemia. Few studies have investigated the association between serum calcium and MetS. Thus, this study examined prospectively the association between serum calcium in Iranian women with onset of MetS, and key components of MetS.
Methods: A total of 460 subjects were recruited, comprising 232 with MetS and 228 as a control group. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured and fasting blood samples were obtained for determination of glucose, insulin, total triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum calcium.
Results: Compared to the control group, women with MetS had significantly higher WC, BP, TG, glucose, and LDL-C levels but lower HDL-C levels with 97.1±8.4 cm, 123.2±16 mmHg, 219.9±88.7 mg/ dl, 119.208.8 mg/di, 121.3±201 mg/dl, and 38.8±4.9 mg/dl, respectively. Serum concentrations of calcium were significantly higher in women with MetS (9.9±0.3 mg/dl) compared to the control group (9.1±0.7 mg/dl). Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus are predictors of MetS. Serum calcium level had a positive association with the risk of having high levels of glucose, TG, BP and WC.
Conclusion: Serum calcium level showed a positive association with the risk of having high levels of parameters associated with MetS in the Iranian women studied. More studies on MetS are suggested to include measuring serum calcium as well to verify the present findings.
Key words: Calcium, Iranian women, metabolic syndrome
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Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by indicators of hypertension, abdominal obesity, abnormal lipid profile, and hyperglycaemia. Few studies have investigated the association between serum calcium and MetS. Thus, this study examined prospectively the association between serum calcium in Iranian women with onset of MetS, and key components of MetS.
Methods: A total of 460 subjects were recruited, comprising 232 with MetS and 228 as a control group. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured and fasting blood samples were obtained for determination of glucose, insulin, total triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum calcium.
Results: Compared to the control group, women with MetS had significantly higher WC, BP, TG, glucose, and LDL-C levels but lower HDL-C levels with 97.1±8.4 cm, 123.2±16 mmHg, 219.9±88.7 mg/ dl, 119.208.8 mg/di, 121.3±201 mg/dl, and 38.8±4.9 mg/dl, respectively. Serum concentrations of calcium were significantly higher in women with MetS (9.9±0.3 mg/dl) compared to the control group (9.1±0.7 mg/dl). Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus are predictors of MetS. Serum calcium level had a positive association with the risk of having high levels of glucose, TG, BP and WC.
Conclusion: Serum calcium level showed a positive association with the risk of having high levels of parameters associated with MetS in the Iranian women studied. More studies on MetS are suggested to include measuring serum calcium as well to verify the present findings.
Key words: Calcium, Iranian women, metabolic syndrome
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Improving the Nutritional Status of Patients with Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy through Intensive Individualised Diet and Lifestyle Counselling
Zalina Abu Zaid, Kathryn Jackson, Mirnalini Kandiah & Lynne Cobiac
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Malnutrition is common among patients with cancer and it is also associated with their negative health outcomes. Generally, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy have a high risk of malnutrition, secondary to both the disease and the treatment. It is important that patients maintain a good nutritional status to improve the effects, and minimise the side effects of cancer treatment. A good nutritional status should be maintained for patients through nutritional intervention during cancer treatment. There appears to be no published studies on the effects of intense dietary counselling versus usual dietary care on the nutritional status of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, there have been no randomised controlled trials (RC1) undertaken in Malaysia, where CRC is increasing. It is therefore important to undertake a RCT of a dietary and lifestyle counselling intervention of CRC outpatients undergoing chemotherapy.
Methods: The intervention study was an open (masking not used), prospective, and Rcr to examine the effects of intensive individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling on dietary intake and nutritional status in CRC patients undergoing chemotherapy. It was designed as an 8-week program of intensive, individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling followed up with another 8-week post-intervention period without dietary and lifestyle counselling, and compared to a control arm given the usual care. A total of forty-two participants took part in this study and were randomised into two groups, namely, the intervention group (IG) (n=22) and the control group(CG) (n=20) at Kuala Lumpur Hospital and SelayangHospital, Malaysia.
Results: In this study, 67% of CRC patients were malnourished at baseline. In the IQ the prevalence of malnutrition dropped from 72.7% at baseline to 27.3% eight weeks after the intervention. This repesents a large, and clinically meaningful shift. In the CG, the prevalence of malnutrition, or at risk of malnutrition, was still at 75% at the end of the sixteen weeks.
Conclusion: Intensive, individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling resulted in improved nutritional status in patients with CRC undergoing chemotherapy.
Key words: Chemotherapy, colorectal cancer, dietary counselling, nutritional status
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Introduction: Malnutrition is common among patients with cancer and it is also associated with their negative health outcomes. Generally, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy have a high risk of malnutrition, secondary to both the disease and the treatment. It is important that patients maintain a good nutritional status to improve the effects, and minimise the side effects of cancer treatment. A good nutritional status should be maintained for patients through nutritional intervention during cancer treatment. There appears to be no published studies on the effects of intense dietary counselling versus usual dietary care on the nutritional status of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, there have been no randomised controlled trials (RC1) undertaken in Malaysia, where CRC is increasing. It is therefore important to undertake a RCT of a dietary and lifestyle counselling intervention of CRC outpatients undergoing chemotherapy.
Methods: The intervention study was an open (masking not used), prospective, and Rcr to examine the effects of intensive individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling on dietary intake and nutritional status in CRC patients undergoing chemotherapy. It was designed as an 8-week program of intensive, individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling followed up with another 8-week post-intervention period without dietary and lifestyle counselling, and compared to a control arm given the usual care. A total of forty-two participants took part in this study and were randomised into two groups, namely, the intervention group (IG) (n=22) and the control group(CG) (n=20) at Kuala Lumpur Hospital and SelayangHospital, Malaysia.
Results: In this study, 67% of CRC patients were malnourished at baseline. In the IQ the prevalence of malnutrition dropped from 72.7% at baseline to 27.3% eight weeks after the intervention. This repesents a large, and clinically meaningful shift. In the CG, the prevalence of malnutrition, or at risk of malnutrition, was still at 75% at the end of the sixteen weeks.
Conclusion: Intensive, individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling resulted in improved nutritional status in patients with CRC undergoing chemotherapy.
Key words: Chemotherapy, colorectal cancer, dietary counselling, nutritional status
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Prevalence of Obesity as Determined by Different Anthropometric Indices Among Rural Adolescents in Aba South LGA, Abia State, Nigeria
Paul Eze Eme, Nnenna Ola Onuoha & B O Mbah
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Adolescent obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide. This study assessed the prevalence of obesity in a sample of Nigerian rural adolescents using different anthropometric indices.
Methods: A total of 600 secondary school adolescents aged 10 to 19 years were selected from ten secondary schools in the Aba South Local Government Area (WA) using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Weight, height, arm circumference, and skinfold measurements were obtained using standard methods. Body fat percentage was calculated according to the Slaughter and Shaikh equations. Descriptive statistics were used to examine gender-specific anthropometric indices. Chi-square and independent t-test were applied to determine differences between the sexes.
Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the subjects was 9.7% and 3.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females for waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio and body fat percentage. Females had more fat deposits in all the skinfold sites measured than males regardless of age group. Females also had significantly higher body fat than males. Multiple regression analysis revealed that calf fat was a strong predictor of body fat percentage in the subjects.
Conclusion: More than 10% of the rural Nigerian adolescents studied were overweight, with the females showing significantly higher body fat than the males according to the criteria used. Further studies are recommended to identify contributing factors for the results obtained.
Key words: Adolescents, fat deposit, health, Nigeria, skinfold sites
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Introduction: Adolescent obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide. This study assessed the prevalence of obesity in a sample of Nigerian rural adolescents using different anthropometric indices.
Methods: A total of 600 secondary school adolescents aged 10 to 19 years were selected from ten secondary schools in the Aba South Local Government Area (WA) using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Weight, height, arm circumference, and skinfold measurements were obtained using standard methods. Body fat percentage was calculated according to the Slaughter and Shaikh equations. Descriptive statistics were used to examine gender-specific anthropometric indices. Chi-square and independent t-test were applied to determine differences between the sexes.
Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the subjects was 9.7% and 3.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference between males and females for waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio and body fat percentage. Females had more fat deposits in all the skinfold sites measured than males regardless of age group. Females also had significantly higher body fat than males. Multiple regression analysis revealed that calf fat was a strong predictor of body fat percentage in the subjects.
Conclusion: More than 10% of the rural Nigerian adolescents studied were overweight, with the females showing significantly higher body fat than the males according to the criteria used. Further studies are recommended to identify contributing factors for the results obtained.
Key words: Adolescents, fat deposit, health, Nigeria, skinfold sites
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Proceedings of the NSM Update Series: Sugar Substitutes-Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits
Yashna Harjani, E Siong Tee & Jimena Garcia
ABSTRACT
A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.
Key words: Low calorie sweeteners, non-nutritive sweeteners, sugar substitutes, sweeteners
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A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.
Key words: Low calorie sweeteners, non-nutritive sweeteners, sugar substitutes, sweeteners
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Modulation of Glycemic Responses by "Nutricare-DM"- A Functional Food Formulation for Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Sudha Sairam, Asna Urooj & Basavaraj MS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The incidence of diabetes has reached alarming levels worldwide, and there is a high risk of developing associated disorders in diabetic subjects. An effective approach to combat type 2 diabetes is through dietary management.
Methods: A functional food was formulated, namely "Nutricare DM" (N-DM), its nutritionally important starch fractions were determined (in-vitro), and its glucose lowering effect was studied by supplementing 50 g carbohydrate portion of the test food for a period of 4 months in type 2 diabetic subjects. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited based on willingness to participate. Anthropometric measurements, blood glucose levels, lipid profile and hepatic enzyme levels were studied before and after the study period.
Results: The addition of functional ingredients, namely oats, barley, and rice bran as fibre sources positively influenced the Starch Digestibility Index (SDI). The SDI of Nutricare DM chapathi (13±1.01) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control chapathi ((20±1.00). Supplementation of Nutricare DM for 3 months decreased glycated haemoglobin (HbA,C) from 7.1+1.38 to 6.1 ± 0.95, while a gradual and consistent decrease in fasting blood glucose from 129 mg/dl to 99 mg/dl was observed. A significant decrease in the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (from 47.69+ 7.84 to 36.06+4.351U/I) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(from 61.07+16.46 to 34.20+8.95 IU/I) indicated a protective effect of the nutritional intervention against liver damage.
Conclusion: Results suggest that long term supplementation would be beneficial in modulating the glycaemic responses and hence serve as an effective dietary management.
Key words: Blood glucose, dietary fibre, functional food, hypoglycaemic effects, digestibility index, type 2 diabetes
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Introduction: The incidence of diabetes has reached alarming levels worldwide, and there is a high risk of developing associated disorders in diabetic subjects. An effective approach to combat type 2 diabetes is through dietary management.
Methods: A functional food was formulated, namely "Nutricare DM" (N-DM), its nutritionally important starch fractions were determined (in-vitro), and its glucose lowering effect was studied by supplementing 50 g carbohydrate portion of the test food for a period of 4 months in type 2 diabetic subjects. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited based on willingness to participate. Anthropometric measurements, blood glucose levels, lipid profile and hepatic enzyme levels were studied before and after the study period.
Results: The addition of functional ingredients, namely oats, barley, and rice bran as fibre sources positively influenced the Starch Digestibility Index (SDI). The SDI of Nutricare DM chapathi (13±1.01) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control chapathi ((20±1.00). Supplementation of Nutricare DM for 3 months decreased glycated haemoglobin (HbA,C) from 7.1+1.38 to 6.1 ± 0.95, while a gradual and consistent decrease in fasting blood glucose from 129 mg/dl to 99 mg/dl was observed. A significant decrease in the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (from 47.69+ 7.84 to 36.06+4.351U/I) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(from 61.07+16.46 to 34.20+8.95 IU/I) indicated a protective effect of the nutritional intervention against liver damage.
Conclusion: Results suggest that long term supplementation would be beneficial in modulating the glycaemic responses and hence serve as an effective dietary management.
Key words: Blood glucose, dietary fibre, functional food, hypoglycaemic effects, digestibility index, type 2 diabetes
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Household Nutrition and Food Security in Obukpa Rural Community of Enugu State, Nigeria
Ogechi Nzeagwu & Uche Aleke
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Food and nutrition security remains a fundamental challenge for human welfare, economic growth, and a healthy life. This study investigated household nutrition and food security in a rural conununity of the Nsukka Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State, Nigeria.
Methods: The Obukpa rural community was randomly selected from among three rural communities in the Nsukka LGA. Convenience sampling was used to select 263 respondents. A structured validated questionnaire was used to elicit household background information. Nutrition security was determined based on anthropometric indicators. Food security was assessed using the Food Security Survey Module (FSSM). Data were analysed using SPSS version 18.
Results: About 43.1% practised subsistence farming, 26.9% depended on borrowing food items to cope with nutritional and food security challenges. Few (6.5%) were food secure, 52.7% food insecure without hunger, 30.4% food secure with moderate hunger, and 10.4 % food insecure with severe hunger. In terms of women's weight, 41.2% of the them had normal weight, 39.6% were overweight and 18.5% were obese. Among the children, there was a high prevalence of wasting (52.2%) stunting (45.9 %), underweight (55%) and overweight (48.3%) Nutrition and food insecurity significantly correlated with middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) (0.634, p<0.01), weight for age (0.933, p<0.01), height for age (0.939, p<0.01), BMI for age (0.804, p<0.01), weight for 1/h (0.784, p<0.01) for children under 5 years.
Conclusion: In the Obukpa rural community, the level of household food insecurity was high, the majority of the children were wasted, stunted, underweight or overweight. Appropriate nutrition interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of malnutrition of mothers and children.
Key words: Community, food security, household, nutrition, rural
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Introduction: Food and nutrition security remains a fundamental challenge for human welfare, economic growth, and a healthy life. This study investigated household nutrition and food security in a rural conununity of the Nsukka Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State, Nigeria.
Methods: The Obukpa rural community was randomly selected from among three rural communities in the Nsukka LGA. Convenience sampling was used to select 263 respondents. A structured validated questionnaire was used to elicit household background information. Nutrition security was determined based on anthropometric indicators. Food security was assessed using the Food Security Survey Module (FSSM). Data were analysed using SPSS version 18.
Results: About 43.1% practised subsistence farming, 26.9% depended on borrowing food items to cope with nutritional and food security challenges. Few (6.5%) were food secure, 52.7% food insecure without hunger, 30.4% food secure with moderate hunger, and 10.4 % food insecure with severe hunger. In terms of women's weight, 41.2% of the them had normal weight, 39.6% were overweight and 18.5% were obese. Among the children, there was a high prevalence of wasting (52.2%) stunting (45.9 %), underweight (55%) and overweight (48.3%) Nutrition and food insecurity significantly correlated with middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) (0.634, p<0.01), weight for age (0.933, p<0.01), height for age (0.939, p<0.01), BMI for age (0.804, p<0.01), weight for 1/h (0.784, p<0.01) for children under 5 years.
Conclusion: In the Obukpa rural community, the level of household food insecurity was high, the majority of the children were wasted, stunted, underweight or overweight. Appropriate nutrition interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of malnutrition of mothers and children.
Key words: Community, food security, household, nutrition, rural
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Effect of Punicalagin on Human Colon Cancer Caco-2 Cells
Ulfat Omar, Akram Aloqbi, Marwa Yousr & Nazlin K Howell
ABSTRACT
Introduction: There is increasing evidence of the presence of antioxidant and antimutagenic properties in some fruit species. Punicalagin extracted from pomegranate is reported to have anti-proliferative activities and able to induce toxicity in colon cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. In this study, in vitro apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities of punicalagin were investigated in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells.
Methods: Cell viability was identified and a morphological change by punicalagin was taken. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS), annexin V and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometer at the tested concentrations of 50 and 75 pM. Moreover, the effects of punicalagin in Caco-2 cells and normal colon epithelial cell line (HCEC) were compared. The Caspases family was investigated as a marker of apoptosis by western blot.
Results: Punicalagin (50 and 75 pM) showed toxic effects on Caco-2 cells but not on HCEC with both results being confirmed by morphological studies. In the presence of punicalagin, cytoplasmic ROS production decreased indicating antioxidant activity, whereas superoxide radicals released from mitochondria increased due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Annexin V and caspase family (9, 8 and 3) activation confirmed that cell death occurred via the apoptosis pathway in both concentrations of punicalagin. The cell cycle was arrested in the gap 1 (G1)/synthesis (S) transition phase at the concentrations of punicalagin tested.
Conclusion: The in vitro results indicate that further studies are warranted to elucidate the potential role of punicalgin as an anti-cancer agent.
Key words: Community, food security, household, nutrition, rural
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Introduction: There is increasing evidence of the presence of antioxidant and antimutagenic properties in some fruit species. Punicalagin extracted from pomegranate is reported to have anti-proliferative activities and able to induce toxicity in colon cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. In this study, in vitro apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities of punicalagin were investigated in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells.
Methods: Cell viability was identified and a morphological change by punicalagin was taken. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS), annexin V and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometer at the tested concentrations of 50 and 75 pM. Moreover, the effects of punicalagin in Caco-2 cells and normal colon epithelial cell line (HCEC) were compared. The Caspases family was investigated as a marker of apoptosis by western blot.
Results: Punicalagin (50 and 75 pM) showed toxic effects on Caco-2 cells but not on HCEC with both results being confirmed by morphological studies. In the presence of punicalagin, cytoplasmic ROS production decreased indicating antioxidant activity, whereas superoxide radicals released from mitochondria increased due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Annexin V and caspase family (9, 8 and 3) activation confirmed that cell death occurred via the apoptosis pathway in both concentrations of punicalagin. The cell cycle was arrested in the gap 1 (G1)/synthesis (S) transition phase at the concentrations of punicalagin tested.
Conclusion: The in vitro results indicate that further studies are warranted to elucidate the potential role of punicalgin as an anti-cancer agent.
Key words: Community, food security, household, nutrition, rural
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Silymarin Supplementation Attenuation of the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Metabolic Changes in Protein Malnourished Rats
Adel A Alhamdan
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Protein malnutrition increases the sensitivity to septic shock by impairing antioxidation and immune response. Based on the potent antioxidant effects of silymarin, the putative protective role of silymarin against sepsis-induced oxidative damage in protein malnourished rats was investigated.
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to protein malnutrition via a low-protein diet (8% protein), with and without silymarin supplementation (30 mg/kg/day) for four weeks, and compared to a control group on a 18% protein diet At end of the experiment, the animals received intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of 0.1 mg/ kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Esdieridtia coil, and decapitation 24 h later. Albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein (TP), alkaline phosphates (A/CP ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleultine-lp (IL-1p) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) levels were measured in serum. In the lungs and liver, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities were measured.
Results: oxidative and inflammatory processes were significantly increased by the LPS injection and these changes were to a greater extent in the low-protein dietary group compared to control group. Silymarin supplementation in both dietary groups showed marked inhibition in these activities, although the affect was more prominent in the control group compared to the rats fed a low-protein diet.
Conclusion: The study showed that silymarin protected against the impairment of antioxidation and immune response in protein malnourished rats, particularly in septic shock conditions.
Key words: Antioxidant, cytokines, endotoxin, protein malnutrition, silymarin
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Introduction: Protein malnutrition increases the sensitivity to septic shock by impairing antioxidation and immune response. Based on the potent antioxidant effects of silymarin, the putative protective role of silymarin against sepsis-induced oxidative damage in protein malnourished rats was investigated.
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to protein malnutrition via a low-protein diet (8% protein), with and without silymarin supplementation (30 mg/kg/day) for four weeks, and compared to a control group on a 18% protein diet At end of the experiment, the animals received intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of 0.1 mg/ kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Esdieridtia coil, and decapitation 24 h later. Albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein (TP), alkaline phosphates (A/CP ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleultine-lp (IL-1p) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) levels were measured in serum. In the lungs and liver, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities were measured.
Results: oxidative and inflammatory processes were significantly increased by the LPS injection and these changes were to a greater extent in the low-protein dietary group compared to control group. Silymarin supplementation in both dietary groups showed marked inhibition in these activities, although the affect was more prominent in the control group compared to the rats fed a low-protein diet.
Conclusion: The study showed that silymarin protected against the impairment of antioxidation and immune response in protein malnourished rats, particularly in septic shock conditions.
Key words: Antioxidant, cytokines, endotoxin, protein malnutrition, silymarin
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Assessment of Fatty Acid Profile, Protein, and Micronutrient Bioavailability of Winged Termites (Marcrotermes bellicosus) Using Albino Rats
Oladejo Thomas Adepoju
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The need for alternative protein and essential micronutrients sources for adequate complementary foods is urgent. Dried Marcrotermes bellicosus was reported to be a good source of dietary protein, fat, and micronutrients. This study investigated the fatty acid profile, protein, and essential micronutrient bioavailability in M. bellicosus using albino rats.
Methods: M. bellicosus was collected around the Alegongo area, Akobo, Ibadan, Nigeria during their swarming flights, roasted at 105 °C for fifteen min, dewinged, and winnowed. The roasted sample was analysed for proximate, minerals, and antinutrients using standard methods of the AOAC International. Fatty acid profile was determined using a gas-liquid chromatographic method, whilst protein and essential minerals bioavailability were determined using weanling albino rats.
Results: Roasted M. bellicosus contained 31.8 g protein, 16.4 g fat, 1.3 g ash, 46.5 g carbohydrates, 361.13 mg potassium, 227.50 mg calcium, 361.30 mg phosphorus, 15.03 mg zinc, 52.30% linolenic acid, 24.91% linoleic acid, 5.97% oleic acid and yielded 460.8 kcal gross energy/100g sample. The mean weight gain in the experimental diet group (+23.17±6.71) was significantly higher than that of the control diet group (+16.83±6.71) and the basal diet group (-19.50±9.03). The basal diet group had the least value for all serum micronutrient levels whilst the experimental diet group had the highest.
Conclusion: M. bellicosus protein supported rat growth at a 15% inclusion level. The calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A in M. bellicosus were bioavailable in rats. M. Bellicosus could be a potential novel food for humans.
Key words: Antioxidant, cytokines, endotoxin, protein malnutrition, silymarin
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Introduction: The need for alternative protein and essential micronutrients sources for adequate complementary foods is urgent. Dried Marcrotermes bellicosus was reported to be a good source of dietary protein, fat, and micronutrients. This study investigated the fatty acid profile, protein, and essential micronutrient bioavailability in M. bellicosus using albino rats.
Methods: M. bellicosus was collected around the Alegongo area, Akobo, Ibadan, Nigeria during their swarming flights, roasted at 105 °C for fifteen min, dewinged, and winnowed. The roasted sample was analysed for proximate, minerals, and antinutrients using standard methods of the AOAC International. Fatty acid profile was determined using a gas-liquid chromatographic method, whilst protein and essential minerals bioavailability were determined using weanling albino rats.
Results: Roasted M. bellicosus contained 31.8 g protein, 16.4 g fat, 1.3 g ash, 46.5 g carbohydrates, 361.13 mg potassium, 227.50 mg calcium, 361.30 mg phosphorus, 15.03 mg zinc, 52.30% linolenic acid, 24.91% linoleic acid, 5.97% oleic acid and yielded 460.8 kcal gross energy/100g sample. The mean weight gain in the experimental diet group (+23.17±6.71) was significantly higher than that of the control diet group (+16.83±6.71) and the basal diet group (-19.50±9.03). The basal diet group had the least value for all serum micronutrient levels whilst the experimental diet group had the highest.
Conclusion: M. bellicosus protein supported rat growth at a 15% inclusion level. The calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A in M. bellicosus were bioavailable in rats. M. Bellicosus could be a potential novel food for humans.
Key words: Antioxidant, cytokines, endotoxin, protein malnutrition, silymarin
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Disodium Ethylenediarninetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) as an Enhancer of Iron and Zinc Bioaccessibility from Select Cereals and Pulses
Shweatha HE & Kalpana Platel
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In view of the widespread deficiencies of trace minerals like iron and zinc, strategies to enhance their bioavailability from plant foods is of interest. This study was therefore undertaken to explore ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a known metal chelator, for a possible beneficial influence on the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains.
Methods: EDTA was added at molar ratios ranging from 1:0.25 to 1:2 relative to the inherent iron and zinc to raw and heat-processed food grains. Bioaccessibility of iron and zinc was determined by an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion procedure.
Results: EDTA significantly enhanced iron bioaccessibility from all the food grains (from one-fold to thirteen-fold increase), in both raw and heat processed grains. The beneficial influence of EDTA on iron bioaccessibility was more prominent in cereals than in pulses. EDTA showed influence on zinc bioaccessibility to a lesser magnitude (from one-fold to five-fold increase). The impairment on zinc bioaccessibility by heat processing from the food grains was efficiently countered by EDTA. EDTA added at a level equimolar (1:1) to the inherent iron and zinc significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of the iron and zinc among the food grains.
Conclusion: EDTA could be an effective co-fortificant to enhance the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains, possibly in the form of a sprinkle, to combat mineral deficiencies.
Key words: Bioaccessibility, cereals, EDTA, iron, zinc
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Introduction: In view of the widespread deficiencies of trace minerals like iron and zinc, strategies to enhance their bioavailability from plant foods is of interest. This study was therefore undertaken to explore ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a known metal chelator, for a possible beneficial influence on the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains.
Methods: EDTA was added at molar ratios ranging from 1:0.25 to 1:2 relative to the inherent iron and zinc to raw and heat-processed food grains. Bioaccessibility of iron and zinc was determined by an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion procedure.
Results: EDTA significantly enhanced iron bioaccessibility from all the food grains (from one-fold to thirteen-fold increase), in both raw and heat processed grains. The beneficial influence of EDTA on iron bioaccessibility was more prominent in cereals than in pulses. EDTA showed influence on zinc bioaccessibility to a lesser magnitude (from one-fold to five-fold increase). The impairment on zinc bioaccessibility by heat processing from the food grains was efficiently countered by EDTA. EDTA added at a level equimolar (1:1) to the inherent iron and zinc significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of the iron and zinc among the food grains.
Conclusion: EDTA could be an effective co-fortificant to enhance the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains, possibly in the form of a sprinkle, to combat mineral deficiencies.
Key words: Bioaccessibility, cereals, EDTA, iron, zinc
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Back Matters
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Food-Based Dietry Guidelines (FBDGs : Their Future)
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Supplement Cover
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 22 No.2, 2016
Table of Content
INVITED EDITORIAL
Body Mass Index: Possibilities for Reconsidering Cut-offs
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Parental Attributes in Young Child Feeding Practices
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Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake and Body Composition
Body Fat Assessment of Young Syrian Adults Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Deuterium Dilution
Mahfouz Al-Bachir & Ibrahim Othman
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare body composition assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) against deuterium dilution (D2O) techniques.
Methods: This study was conducted on 215 young Syrian adults. Total body water (TBW), fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) compartments were calculated from the measurements of resistance made at 50 kHZ using the formula provided by the instrument manufacturer (Bodystat) and D2O equation. Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to compare methods, and linear regression analysis were performed to detect the relation between the variables (R2 = 0.81).
Results: Percentage of body fat derived from BIA (16.2 ±7.3%) and D2O technique (21.32±6.42%) were significantly different (p<0.001). BIA body composition assessments provided good relative agreement with the selected criterion method of D2O as indicated by high correlation coefficients (r=0.91).
Conclusion: When compared with D2O, BIA overestimated TBW and FFM, and underestimatd FM (P<0.001) in young adults (-5.2%; -3.4 kg).
Key words: Bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, deuterium dilution technique
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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare body composition assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) against deuterium dilution (D2O) techniques.
Methods: This study was conducted on 215 young Syrian adults. Total body water (TBW), fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) compartments were calculated from the measurements of resistance made at 50 kHZ using the formula provided by the instrument manufacturer (Bodystat) and D2O equation. Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to compare methods, and linear regression analysis were performed to detect the relation between the variables (R2 = 0.81).
Results: Percentage of body fat derived from BIA (16.2 ±7.3%) and D2O technique (21.32±6.42%) were significantly different (p<0.001). BIA body composition assessments provided good relative agreement with the selected criterion method of D2O as indicated by high correlation coefficients (r=0.91).
Conclusion: When compared with D2O, BIA overestimated TBW and FFM, and underestimatd FM (P<0.001) in young adults (-5.2%; -3.4 kg).
Key words: Bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, deuterium dilution technique
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Comparison of Waist Circumference Measured at Four Sites in Healthy Iranian Adults
Razieh Sarli & Zahra Vahdat Shariatpanahi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The waist circumference (WC) is a measure of central obesity in adults. The aim of this study was to compare waist circumference measured at four sites among Iranian adults.
Methods: A total of 494 Iranian adults attending a university hospital for routine health examination volunteered for the study. WC measurements were taken at the superior border of the iliac crest, midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib, at the umbilicus and minimal waist. Simultaneously, suprailiac (SSF) and triceps skinfold (TSF) thicknesses were measured to determine correlations with the WC measurements.
Results: In both sexes, the highest mean values for WC were taken above the iliac crest, while the lowest mean values were at minimal waist. In women, mean WC from the four sites were significantly different. For men with BMI<30 kg/m2, WC from minimal waist and midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib differed significantly from WC from the other sites, while those with BMI≥30 kg/m2, only WC from minimal waist differed significantly from WC taken at other sites. WC measured at the superior border of the iliac crest showed significance with triceps and suprailiac subcutaneous fat.
Conclusion: Among Iranian adults, the WC value differs depending on the site measured. Correlations with other indicators of body fatness are recommended for an objective assessment of obesity.
Key words: Body mass index, skinfold thickness, waist circumference
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Introduction: The waist circumference (WC) is a measure of central obesity in adults. The aim of this study was to compare waist circumference measured at four sites among Iranian adults.
Methods: A total of 494 Iranian adults attending a university hospital for routine health examination volunteered for the study. WC measurements were taken at the superior border of the iliac crest, midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib, at the umbilicus and minimal waist. Simultaneously, suprailiac (SSF) and triceps skinfold (TSF) thicknesses were measured to determine correlations with the WC measurements.
Results: In both sexes, the highest mean values for WC were taken above the iliac crest, while the lowest mean values were at minimal waist. In women, mean WC from the four sites were significantly different. For men with BMI<30 kg/m2, WC from minimal waist and midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib differed significantly from WC from the other sites, while those with BMI≥30 kg/m2, only WC from minimal waist differed significantly from WC taken at other sites. WC measured at the superior border of the iliac crest showed significance with triceps and suprailiac subcutaneous fat.
Conclusion: Among Iranian adults, the WC value differs depending on the site measured. Correlations with other indicators of body fatness are recommended for an objective assessment of obesity.
Key words: Body mass index, skinfold thickness, waist circumference
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Maternal Attributes Are Positively Associated with Feeding Practices of Children Aged 2-5 Years in West Java, Indonesia
Intan Ria Nirmala, Judhiastuty Februhartanty & Luh Ade Ari Wiradnyani
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Feeding practices are influenced by multiple factors including maternal attributes, which can affect the health and nutritional status of children. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal factors associated with feeding practices of young children.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five villages in Karawang District, West Java, Indonesia . Mothers of children aged 2-5 years (n=202) were interviewed on indicators of feeding practices, their knowledge and attitude on child feeding, self- perceived health status and exposure to health information. The data were analysed using multiple logistic regression to identify factors associated with feeding practices .
Results: Most of the children achieved minimum dietary diversity (86.1%) and frequency of meal and snacking (71.8%). However, more than half of the mothers did not use a variety of cooking methods (73.3%), had poor feeding responsiveness (65.3%), and showed poor feeding practices during child’s illness/recovery (50.5%). Maternal attributes that were positively associated with healthy feeding practices were good knowledge and favourable attitude towards child nutrition and feeding practice, having exposure to nutrition/health information, and perceiving herself as healthy. Living as a nuclear family with only 1-2 children also contributed to favourable feeding practices.
Conclusion: While most of the children achieved minimum dietary requirements, overall feeding practices could be improved with enhancing mothers’ knowledge on use of variety in cooking methods, feeding responsiveness during/after child’s illness, and exposure to nutrition/health information.
Key words: 2-5-year-old children, feeding practices, Indonesia, maternal attributes
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Introduction: Feeding practices are influenced by multiple factors including maternal attributes, which can affect the health and nutritional status of children. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal factors associated with feeding practices of young children.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five villages in Karawang District, West Java, Indonesia . Mothers of children aged 2-5 years (n=202) were interviewed on indicators of feeding practices, their knowledge and attitude on child feeding, self- perceived health status and exposure to health information. The data were analysed using multiple logistic regression to identify factors associated with feeding practices .
Results: Most of the children achieved minimum dietary diversity (86.1%) and frequency of meal and snacking (71.8%). However, more than half of the mothers did not use a variety of cooking methods (73.3%), had poor feeding responsiveness (65.3%), and showed poor feeding practices during child’s illness/recovery (50.5%). Maternal attributes that were positively associated with healthy feeding practices were good knowledge and favourable attitude towards child nutrition and feeding practice, having exposure to nutrition/health information, and perceiving herself as healthy. Living as a nuclear family with only 1-2 children also contributed to favourable feeding practices.
Conclusion: While most of the children achieved minimum dietary requirements, overall feeding practices could be improved with enhancing mothers’ knowledge on use of variety in cooking methods, feeding responsiveness during/after child’s illness, and exposure to nutrition/health information.
Key words: 2-5-year-old children, feeding practices, Indonesia, maternal attributes
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Postpartum Dietary Restrictions and Taboos among Indigenous Temiar Women in Peninsular Malaysia: A Qualitative Study
Sharifah Zahhura Syed Abdullah, Pamela Nilan & John Germov
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Temiar who ethnically belong to Senoi, one of the major groups of Orang Asli (indigenous people) in Peninsular Malaysia, have their own distinctive food taboos and avoidances during the postpartum period. These traditions are deeply rooted in their culture, customs, values and beliefs system.
Methods: A qualitative research method involving five focus group discussions were conducted to compare and contrast four different locations: the communities of Pos Tohoi, Pos Simpor, Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula Orang Asli (RPSOA) in Kelantan and the community at Batu 12 in Gombak, Selangor, representing different lifestyle experiences and food practices of Orang Asli Temiar in Peninsular Malaysia. All the transcripts were coded and categorised and then ‘thematised’ using the software package for handling qualitative data, NVivo 8.
Results: Despite variations in locations, there were five agreed prohibited food items during the postpartum period: cooking oil, salt, monosodium glutamate, sugar, and meat from game or domesticated animals. Dietary restrictions begin immediately after childbirth and varied from seven, eight, and fourteen days to one month. Besides food restrictions, there were other prescribed avoidances for mothers after delivering a baby.
Conclusion: Prohibitions placed upon women during the postpartum period are intended to protect the new mother, the newborn baby and also the community. It appears that regardless of whether they live in the most traditional or the least traditional locations, the Temiar lineage and societal norms in the form of taboos during the female reproductive cycle are handed down to the new generation by their elders.
Key words: Dietary restrictions, focus group discussion, food taboos, Orang Asli Temiar, post-partum women
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Introduction: The Temiar who ethnically belong to Senoi, one of the major groups of Orang Asli (indigenous people) in Peninsular Malaysia, have their own distinctive food taboos and avoidances during the postpartum period. These traditions are deeply rooted in their culture, customs, values and beliefs system.
Methods: A qualitative research method involving five focus group discussions were conducted to compare and contrast four different locations: the communities of Pos Tohoi, Pos Simpor, Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula Orang Asli (RPSOA) in Kelantan and the community at Batu 12 in Gombak, Selangor, representing different lifestyle experiences and food practices of Orang Asli Temiar in Peninsular Malaysia. All the transcripts were coded and categorised and then ‘thematised’ using the software package for handling qualitative data, NVivo 8.
Results: Despite variations in locations, there were five agreed prohibited food items during the postpartum period: cooking oil, salt, monosodium glutamate, sugar, and meat from game or domesticated animals. Dietary restrictions begin immediately after childbirth and varied from seven, eight, and fourteen days to one month. Besides food restrictions, there were other prescribed avoidances for mothers after delivering a baby.
Conclusion: Prohibitions placed upon women during the postpartum period are intended to protect the new mother, the newborn baby and also the community. It appears that regardless of whether they live in the most traditional or the least traditional locations, the Temiar lineage and societal norms in the form of taboos during the female reproductive cycle are handed down to the new generation by their elders.
Key words: Dietary restrictions, focus group discussion, food taboos, Orang Asli Temiar, post-partum women
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Underweight as a Risk Factor for Iron Depletion and Iron-
Deficient Erythropoiesis among Young Women in Rural Areas
of East Java, Indonesia
Sri Sumarmi, Nunik Puspitasari, Retno Handajani & Bambang Wirjatmadi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Underweight and iron deficiency are serious problems in Indonesia. A good understanding of the association of these problems is required.
Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted in Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia on 115 non-pregnant, apparently healthy women, aged 21.7±3.7 years who were recruited after physical examination and pregnancy test at the Public Health Centre. Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index. Levels of haemoglobin, serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were determined to assess parameters of iron status (WHO, 2007). Independent t -test was used to compare the mean difference of underweight group (n=27) and non-underweight group (n=88). Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between underweight and iron status, and odds ratio.
Results: The results indicate that 23.5% of women were underweight, and 33% anaemic. Anaemia among underweight women was 48.1%, while in the non-underweight (normal and overweight) women, it was 28.4%. Rates of iron depletion (37%) and iron-deficient erythropoiesis (IDE) (48.1%) among underweight women were higher than among the non- underweight (9.1% and 17% respectively). After adjusting for nutrient intake, underweight women were seven times more likely to have depleted iron store (OR: 7.05; 95% CI: 1.17- 42.41; p=0.03), and approximately four times more likely to be IDE (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 1.46 - 10.54; p=0.007) compared to those who were not underweight.
Conclusion: Iron deficiency is more prevalent among underweight young women. Underweight is a risk factor for IDE and iron depletion rather than for anaemia. In addition, the risk for iron depleted iron store is higher than the risk for IDE among underweight young women. Therefore, iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency among non pregnant women should be simultaneously followed with high energy density supplementary feeding for underweight women in this group.
Key words: Anaemia, iron deficiency, iron-deficient erythropoiesis, iron depletion
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Introduction: Underweight and iron deficiency are serious problems in Indonesia. A good understanding of the association of these problems is required.
Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted in Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia on 115 non-pregnant, apparently healthy women, aged 21.7±3.7 years who were recruited after physical examination and pregnancy test at the Public Health Centre. Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index. Levels of haemoglobin, serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were determined to assess parameters of iron status (WHO, 2007). Independent t -test was used to compare the mean difference of underweight group (n=27) and non-underweight group (n=88). Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between underweight and iron status, and odds ratio.
Results: The results indicate that 23.5% of women were underweight, and 33% anaemic. Anaemia among underweight women was 48.1%, while in the non-underweight (normal and overweight) women, it was 28.4%. Rates of iron depletion (37%) and iron-deficient erythropoiesis (IDE) (48.1%) among underweight women were higher than among the non- underweight (9.1% and 17% respectively). After adjusting for nutrient intake, underweight women were seven times more likely to have depleted iron store (OR: 7.05; 95% CI: 1.17- 42.41; p=0.03), and approximately four times more likely to be IDE (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 1.46 - 10.54; p=0.007) compared to those who were not underweight.
Conclusion: Iron deficiency is more prevalent among underweight young women. Underweight is a risk factor for IDE and iron depletion rather than for anaemia. In addition, the risk for iron depleted iron store is higher than the risk for IDE among underweight young women. Therefore, iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency among non pregnant women should be simultaneously followed with high energy density supplementary feeding for underweight women in this group.
Key words: Anaemia, iron deficiency, iron-deficient erythropoiesis, iron depletion
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Validation of Food Frequency Questionnaire in Estimating
Docosahexanoic Acids (DHA) Intake among Malay Primary
School Children
Nurhidayah M, Suzana S, Mahadir A, Mohd Azahadi O, Mohamad Hasnan A, Ismarulyusda I & Zahara AM
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) play an important role in developing cognitive function in children, especially Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA). However, there is no suitable dietary assessment tool to assess DHA intake among Malaysian children. Thus, this study assessed the validity of an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for estimating DHA intake among Malay school children in the Sepang District.
Methods: Thirty 12-year-old Malay children (13 boys and 17 girls) were recruited through purposive sampling. Their DHA intake for one month duration was assessed using a 30-food item FFQ and validated against a 3-day food record.
Results: The majority of the subjects (70%) had normal body mass index, 6.7% were overweight, 16.7% obese, whilst the rest were in the thin category. The reliability of FFQ was found to be good with a Cronbach’s α coefficient value of 0.815. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test indicated no significant difference in mean intake between the two assessment methods. Significant and strong correlation between FFQ and the 3-day food record was found for total omega-3 PUFAs (r=0.812)and DHA (r=0.839) using both methods. Bland- Altman analysis exhibited no apparent systematic bias between the two methods for DHA and total omega-3 PUFAs intake, whilst a quartile analysis assigned 73.3% of the subjects into the same quartile.
Conclusion: The FFQ was found to be valid in estimating DHA intake among Malay school children, and it is recommended that its validity be tested on other ethnic population groups.
Key words: Children, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), school, validation
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Introduction: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) play an important role in developing cognitive function in children, especially Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA). However, there is no suitable dietary assessment tool to assess DHA intake among Malaysian children. Thus, this study assessed the validity of an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for estimating DHA intake among Malay school children in the Sepang District.
Methods: Thirty 12-year-old Malay children (13 boys and 17 girls) were recruited through purposive sampling. Their DHA intake for one month duration was assessed using a 30-food item FFQ and validated against a 3-day food record.
Results: The majority of the subjects (70%) had normal body mass index, 6.7% were overweight, 16.7% obese, whilst the rest were in the thin category. The reliability of FFQ was found to be good with a Cronbach’s α coefficient value of 0.815. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test indicated no significant difference in mean intake between the two assessment methods. Significant and strong correlation between FFQ and the 3-day food record was found for total omega-3 PUFAs (r=0.812)and DHA (r=0.839) using both methods. Bland- Altman analysis exhibited no apparent systematic bias between the two methods for DHA and total omega-3 PUFAs intake, whilst a quartile analysis assigned 73.3% of the subjects into the same quartile.
Conclusion: The FFQ was found to be valid in estimating DHA intake among Malay school children, and it is recommended that its validity be tested on other ethnic population groups.
Key words: Children, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), school, validation
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Validation and Reproducibility of a Culturally Specific Food
Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for Malaysian Punjabis
Satvinder Kaur, Hamid Jan bin Jan Mohamed, Rohana Abdul Jalil, Barakatun-Nisak Mohd. Yusof & Hip Seng Yim
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Validation of a culturally specific FFQ is important in assessing habitual dietary intake of ethnic population groups. This study aimed to assess the validity and reproducibility of a FFQ developed specifically for determining the dietary intake of Malaysian Punjabis.
Methods: Subjects were approached through voluntary participation for the development and validation phase in the Klang Valley. A list of foods consumed by participants (n=100) was documented through a 3-day dietary recall. The validation process was conducted by verifying the developed FFQ against another group of Punjabi adult volunteers (n=101) who kept a 2-day dietary record. Macronutrients, dietary fibre, fatty acids, cholesterol, three types of minerals (calcium, sodium, iron) and four vitamins (B12, folate, C, A) were included in the analysis. Reproducibility was shown with intra- class correlation (ICC) values between FFQ1 vs FFQ2 that were administered 6 months apart among 32 participants.
Results: In the validation study, the FFQ1 was found to have over-estimated almost all nutrients compared to those in the dietary records. The Spearman correlation coefficients for energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake based on the FFQ1 and 2-day dietary records were 0.54, 0.38, 0.47, and 0.31, respectively. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was between 61- 84% for the nutrients consumed. Bland Altman plots showed relatively good agreement (between ±2 standard deviation) for both the dietary methods used. Reproducibility analysis of ICC (FFQ1 vs FFQ2) was between 0.46-0.76 for macronutrients and 0.20-0.92 for micronutrients.
Conclusion: The developed FFQ could be used as a valid tool for assessing dietary intake of Malaysian Punjabis, as it showed a moderate agreement with dietary record for intake of energy and macronutrients.
Key words: Dietary intake, Food Frequency Questionnaire, Malaysian Punjabis, reproducibility, validation
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Introduction: Validation of a culturally specific FFQ is important in assessing habitual dietary intake of ethnic population groups. This study aimed to assess the validity and reproducibility of a FFQ developed specifically for determining the dietary intake of Malaysian Punjabis.
Methods: Subjects were approached through voluntary participation for the development and validation phase in the Klang Valley. A list of foods consumed by participants (n=100) was documented through a 3-day dietary recall. The validation process was conducted by verifying the developed FFQ against another group of Punjabi adult volunteers (n=101) who kept a 2-day dietary record. Macronutrients, dietary fibre, fatty acids, cholesterol, three types of minerals (calcium, sodium, iron) and four vitamins (B12, folate, C, A) were included in the analysis. Reproducibility was shown with intra- class correlation (ICC) values between FFQ1 vs FFQ2 that were administered 6 months apart among 32 participants.
Results: In the validation study, the FFQ1 was found to have over-estimated almost all nutrients compared to those in the dietary records. The Spearman correlation coefficients for energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake based on the FFQ1 and 2-day dietary records were 0.54, 0.38, 0.47, and 0.31, respectively. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was between 61- 84% for the nutrients consumed. Bland Altman plots showed relatively good agreement (between ±2 standard deviation) for both the dietary methods used. Reproducibility analysis of ICC (FFQ1 vs FFQ2) was between 0.46-0.76 for macronutrients and 0.20-0.92 for micronutrients.
Conclusion: The developed FFQ could be used as a valid tool for assessing dietary intake of Malaysian Punjabis, as it showed a moderate agreement with dietary record for intake of energy and macronutrients.
Key words: Dietary intake, Food Frequency Questionnaire, Malaysian Punjabis, reproducibility, validation
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Dietary Surveys and Nutritional Epidemiology
Maternal Factors are Important Predictors of Low Birth Weight: Evidence from Bangladesh Demographic & Health Survey-2011
Md Reazul Karim, Md Nazrul Islam Mondal, Md Masud Rana, Himangshu Karmaker, Premananda Bharati & Md Golam Hossain
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) children are vulnerable to infections and malnutrition leading to poor physical, mental and social development. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with LBW among Bangladeshi children.
Methods: Secondary data were extracted from 8,364 married and currently non- pregnant Bangladeshi women having at least one child (age ≤5 years) from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 (BDHS, 2011).
Results: Overall prevalence of LBW was 17.6%. Younger mothers (age ≤20 years) were more likely (OR= 0.812) to deliver LBW infants than those between 21 and 29 years. Uneducated mothers had a higher chance (OR=0.552) of having LBW infants than mothers with higher education. Female infants were more likely (OR= 1.292) to be born LBW than males (p<0.01). Mothers from poor families, who did not attend ante-natal visits during pregnancy, and did not receive tetanus injections during pregnancy were more likely to deliver LBW infants. Underweight mothers had a higher probability than normal (OR= 0.880) and overweight (OR= 0.802) mothers to deliver LBW infants.
Conclusion: The prevalence of LBW children in Bangladesh remains high. Mothers’ education, socio-economic status and nutritional status are important predictors of delivering LBW infants. Reducing the prevalence of LBW should continue to be a health priority of government and non-government organisations.
Key words: Bangladesh, low birth weight, maternal education, nutritional status, socio- economic status
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Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) children are vulnerable to infections and malnutrition leading to poor physical, mental and social development. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with LBW among Bangladeshi children.
Methods: Secondary data were extracted from 8,364 married and currently non- pregnant Bangladeshi women having at least one child (age ≤5 years) from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 (BDHS, 2011).
Results: Overall prevalence of LBW was 17.6%. Younger mothers (age ≤20 years) were more likely (OR= 0.812) to deliver LBW infants than those between 21 and 29 years. Uneducated mothers had a higher chance (OR=0.552) of having LBW infants than mothers with higher education. Female infants were more likely (OR= 1.292) to be born LBW than males (p<0.01). Mothers from poor families, who did not attend ante-natal visits during pregnancy, and did not receive tetanus injections during pregnancy were more likely to deliver LBW infants. Underweight mothers had a higher probability than normal (OR= 0.880) and overweight (OR= 0.802) mothers to deliver LBW infants.
Conclusion: The prevalence of LBW children in Bangladesh remains high. Mothers’ education, socio-economic status and nutritional status are important predictors of delivering LBW infants. Reducing the prevalence of LBW should continue to be a health priority of government and non-government organisations.
Key words: Bangladesh, low birth weight, maternal education, nutritional status, socio- economic status
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Nutrients, Food Components and Phytochemicals
Glucose Lowering Effect of Horseradish Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Decoction in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice
Joan R Ilaga, Wilma A Hurtada, Aimee Sheree A Barrion, Maria Amelita C Estacio & Erlinda I Dizon
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The study was conducted to determine the glucose lowering effect of horseradish tree leaf decoction (HTLD) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Methods: The leaves of the Institute of Plant Breeding Moringa 3 (IPBM3) strain of horseradish tree were used in this study. The median effective dose (ED50) of IPBM3 HTLD was determined using normal Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice for 14 days and the computed ED50 was administered once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days via gavage in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Fasting blood glucose level (FBGL), body weight, feed intake and water intake were determined weekly. Thin layer chromatography and in vitro glucose lowering activity experiments were also done to determine the major polyphenol found in IPBM3 HTL with glucose lowering activity.
Results: Administration of the ED50, 417 mg/20 mL/ kgbw, once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days significantly reduced the mean FBGL of diabetic mice by more than 50% and the reduction was statistically comparable with the metformin-treated group. Mean body weights and feed intakes were normal and statistically comparable for all groups. Mean water intakes were slightly higher than in the non-diabetic control group. The major polyphenol in IPBM3 HTLD was found to be quercetin. The in vitro glucose lowering activity experiment showed that both petroleum ether and water extracts of IPBM3 HTL have glucose lowering activity similar to standard quercetin.
Conclusion: The present results show that IPBM3 HTLD possesses glucose lowering activity and offers potential for use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Key words: Blood glucose, diabetes mellitus, horseradish tree leaves, phenolics, quercetin
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Introduction: The study was conducted to determine the glucose lowering effect of horseradish tree leaf decoction (HTLD) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Methods: The leaves of the Institute of Plant Breeding Moringa 3 (IPBM3) strain of horseradish tree were used in this study. The median effective dose (ED50) of IPBM3 HTLD was determined using normal Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice for 14 days and the computed ED50 was administered once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days via gavage in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Fasting blood glucose level (FBGL), body weight, feed intake and water intake were determined weekly. Thin layer chromatography and in vitro glucose lowering activity experiments were also done to determine the major polyphenol found in IPBM3 HTL with glucose lowering activity.
Results: Administration of the ED50, 417 mg/20 mL/ kgbw, once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days significantly reduced the mean FBGL of diabetic mice by more than 50% and the reduction was statistically comparable with the metformin-treated group. Mean body weights and feed intakes were normal and statistically comparable for all groups. Mean water intakes were slightly higher than in the non-diabetic control group. The major polyphenol in IPBM3 HTLD was found to be quercetin. The in vitro glucose lowering activity experiment showed that both petroleum ether and water extracts of IPBM3 HTL have glucose lowering activity similar to standard quercetin.
Conclusion: The present results show that IPBM3 HTLD possesses glucose lowering activity and offers potential for use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Key words: Blood glucose, diabetes mellitus, horseradish tree leaves, phenolics, quercetin
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Potential Use of Pomegranate (
Punica granatum
)
Extract as an
Immune-Stimulant Based on
in vitro
and
i
n vivo
Models
Laily N, Harahap AR, Aji GK, Sukarti I, Ascobat P & Wijayanti RDE
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Emergency foods containing immune-stimulants may enhance the immunity of disaster victims suffering from low immune status. This experiment investigated the potential use of pomegranate as an immune-stimulant.
Methods: In vitro lymphocyte proliferation analysis showed pomegranate extract as an immune-stimulant. An in-vivo study was conducted with mice fed pomegranate extract added to a high calorie biscuit preparation (Testing Group), and their IgG assays were compared with mice fed a biscuit added commercial immune-stimulant (Comparison) and without immune-stimulant (Control). These 3 groups of mice were starved before the experiment to mimic an emergency condition. Their IgG assays were also compared with two groups of non-starved mice fed a biscuit to which was added pomegranate extract (Non-hunger Testing Group) and without immune-stimulant (Non-hunger Control). Total serum IgG determinations were carried out in weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8 to determine the humoral immunity stimulation.
Results: Up to 4th week, there was no significant difference in total IgG among the groups. However, at 8th week, there was a significant increase of total IgG in mice fed with the Test and Comparison foods compared to the Control. This finding indicates pomegranate extract performed as well as the commercial immune-stimulant in increasing IgG.
Conclusion: Increase in serum IgG is a sensitive immune-marker that represents a specific humoral immune response due to infections. Pomegranate extract shows potential for use as a supplemental food in improving immunity status of subjects in an emergency situation.
Key words: Emergency–food, IgG, immune-stimulant, pomegranate-extract
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Introduction: Emergency foods containing immune-stimulants may enhance the immunity of disaster victims suffering from low immune status. This experiment investigated the potential use of pomegranate as an immune-stimulant.
Methods: In vitro lymphocyte proliferation analysis showed pomegranate extract as an immune-stimulant. An in-vivo study was conducted with mice fed pomegranate extract added to a high calorie biscuit preparation (Testing Group), and their IgG assays were compared with mice fed a biscuit added commercial immune-stimulant (Comparison) and without immune-stimulant (Control). These 3 groups of mice were starved before the experiment to mimic an emergency condition. Their IgG assays were also compared with two groups of non-starved mice fed a biscuit to which was added pomegranate extract (Non-hunger Testing Group) and without immune-stimulant (Non-hunger Control). Total serum IgG determinations were carried out in weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8 to determine the humoral immunity stimulation.
Results: Up to 4th week, there was no significant difference in total IgG among the groups. However, at 8th week, there was a significant increase of total IgG in mice fed with the Test and Comparison foods compared to the Control. This finding indicates pomegranate extract performed as well as the commercial immune-stimulant in increasing IgG.
Conclusion: Increase in serum IgG is a sensitive immune-marker that represents a specific humoral immune response due to infections. Pomegranate extract shows potential for use as a supplemental food in improving immunity status of subjects in an emergency situation.
Key words: Emergency–food, IgG, immune-stimulant, pomegranate-extract
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Hepato-Protective Effects of Blue-Green Alga
Spirulina
platensis
on Diclofenac-Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Sangeetha, LAR, D Samixaben Patel & Chetan S Pandanaboina
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This research aimed at evaluating the hepato-protective effect of the alga Spirulina platensis against diclofenac-induced liver injury in rats. The study’s ultimate aim was to understand whether Spirulina could be developed as a functional food for therapy and protective therapeutic use.
Methods: Hepatic injury was induced by administering diclofenac sodium (50mg/kg i.p.) for 5 days. S. platensis dose (300mg/kg) was administered to rats (180-220 g) orally for 5 days. On day 3 and day 4 after Spirulina dosage, diclofenac was administered. The reference drug silymarin was used in the study. Antioxidant activities like superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activities, and levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and lipid profiles including high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum were determined and compared with animals treated with diclofenac alone.
Results: Animals receiving S. platensis prior to the administration of diclofenac significantly counteracted the diclofenac-induced changes, decreasing GPT, GOT, and AlP activities, total bilirubin, LDL, and total cholesterol in serum, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Spirulina -treated rats revealed similar results to those treated with silymarin.
Conclusion: These results, combined with hepatic histopathological observations, demonstrated that S. platensis has potential hepato-protective effect against diclofenac-induced hepatic injury in rats. More studies should be conducted to confirm the hepato-protective properties of S. platensis , and its development as a potential functional food.
Key words: Diclofenac, hepato-protection, liver, rat, spirulina
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Introduction: This research aimed at evaluating the hepato-protective effect of the alga Spirulina platensis against diclofenac-induced liver injury in rats. The study’s ultimate aim was to understand whether Spirulina could be developed as a functional food for therapy and protective therapeutic use.
Methods: Hepatic injury was induced by administering diclofenac sodium (50mg/kg i.p.) for 5 days. S. platensis dose (300mg/kg) was administered to rats (180-220 g) orally for 5 days. On day 3 and day 4 after Spirulina dosage, diclofenac was administered. The reference drug silymarin was used in the study. Antioxidant activities like superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activities, and levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and lipid profiles including high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum were determined and compared with animals treated with diclofenac alone.
Results: Animals receiving S. platensis prior to the administration of diclofenac significantly counteracted the diclofenac-induced changes, decreasing GPT, GOT, and AlP activities, total bilirubin, LDL, and total cholesterol in serum, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Spirulina -treated rats revealed similar results to those treated with silymarin.
Conclusion: These results, combined with hepatic histopathological observations, demonstrated that S. platensis has potential hepato-protective effect against diclofenac-induced hepatic injury in rats. More studies should be conducted to confirm the hepato-protective properties of S. platensis , and its development as a potential functional food.
Key words: Diclofenac, hepato-protection, liver, rat, spirulina
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Short Communications
Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Shellfish
from Kudat, Sabah
Razinah Sharif, Elizabeth Chong & Chan Kok Meng
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Shellfish is likely to be contaminated with heavy metals brought about by various environmental factors such as climate change, bioaccumulation of environmental contaminants and imbalanced natural ecosystem.
Methods: Shellfish were selected for heavy metal detection as they are mainly consumed by the locals in Kudat. Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, and Plumbum (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) content in clam ( Meretrix spp.), scallop ( Amusium pleuronectes ) and conch ( Strombus canabrium ) were determined by the US EPA 200.3 acid digestion method and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Risk assessment was calculated to assess the total exposure of heavy metals among the population of Kudat.
Results: Among all the heavy metals, studied, As was found to have the highest concentration and this was found in scallop with the concentration level being 18.93±5.30 μg /g compared to clam and conch. Estimated daily intake of the heavy metals by the population ranged from 0.60-6.82 g/ day/ kg for As, 0.02-1.58μg/day/kg for Cd, 0.37-0.94μg/day/kg for Cr, 0.16-0.61 g/day/ kg for Ni and 0.10-0.25μg/day/kg for Pb based on previous calculation to exposure. The hazard quotient of As and Cd in scallop was greater than 1.0. No acceptable exposure level for these shellfish has been previously reported. The rate of consumption of these metals did not exceed the standards prescribed in the Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985.
Conclusion: Based on this study, it is concluded that the exposure to heavy metals risk from the consumption of these shellfish among the population in Kudat, Sabah is at an acceptable level.
Key words: Heavy metals, Kudat, risk assessment, shellfish
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Introduction: Shellfish is likely to be contaminated with heavy metals brought about by various environmental factors such as climate change, bioaccumulation of environmental contaminants and imbalanced natural ecosystem.
Methods: Shellfish were selected for heavy metal detection as they are mainly consumed by the locals in Kudat. Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, and Plumbum (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) content in clam ( Meretrix spp.), scallop ( Amusium pleuronectes ) and conch ( Strombus canabrium ) were determined by the US EPA 200.3 acid digestion method and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Risk assessment was calculated to assess the total exposure of heavy metals among the population of Kudat.
Results: Among all the heavy metals, studied, As was found to have the highest concentration and this was found in scallop with the concentration level being 18.93±5.30 μg /g compared to clam and conch. Estimated daily intake of the heavy metals by the population ranged from 0.60-6.82 g/ day/ kg for As, 0.02-1.58μg/day/kg for Cd, 0.37-0.94μg/day/kg for Cr, 0.16-0.61 g/day/ kg for Ni and 0.10-0.25μg/day/kg for Pb based on previous calculation to exposure. The hazard quotient of As and Cd in scallop was greater than 1.0. No acceptable exposure level for these shellfish has been previously reported. The rate of consumption of these metals did not exceed the standards prescribed in the Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985.
Conclusion: Based on this study, it is concluded that the exposure to heavy metals risk from the consumption of these shellfish among the population in Kudat, Sabah is at an acceptable level.
Key words: Heavy metals, Kudat, risk assessment, shellfish
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Use of an Audit Tool to Assess Obesogenicity: Lessons Learnt
from Primary School Environments in Brunei Darussalam
Siti Rohaiza Ahmad, Lisa Schubert & Robert Bush
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Audit tools have evolved as a useful means of assessing the obesogenicity of an environment. Previously adapted audit tools have relied mainly on individual observations and recordings, and whether the findings are conveyed to the individuals involved in the audit has not been reported. We conducted an audit of the obesogenicity of five primary school environments in Brunei Darussalam, and explored the effect of using a direct-questioning approach combined with reporting the audit outcome back to the schools involved.
Methods: A multi-site case study research design was used, using qualitative methods. We used a modified version of the PSEA tool to conduct the audit. A single researcher completed the audit via observations and direct questioning of relevant school community stakeholders. The outcome of the audit was communicated back to the individuals at the schools in the form of a simple report using visual data and a short presentation.
Results: The use of direct questioning as part of the audit tool improved participation or discussion between the researcher and stakeholders. The feedback session proved useful, as new information emerged that enhanced data collection. Furthermore, during the feedback session, the school administration had the opportunity to moderate the information collected, and to provide any feedback they may have had.
Conclusion: The innovative components of the audit tool used in our study resulted in enhanced data trustworthiness and community engagement, which may be applicable to other community- based research.
Key words: Audit tool, nutrition, obesogenic environment, primary school, physical activity
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Introduction: Audit tools have evolved as a useful means of assessing the obesogenicity of an environment. Previously adapted audit tools have relied mainly on individual observations and recordings, and whether the findings are conveyed to the individuals involved in the audit has not been reported. We conducted an audit of the obesogenicity of five primary school environments in Brunei Darussalam, and explored the effect of using a direct-questioning approach combined with reporting the audit outcome back to the schools involved.
Methods: A multi-site case study research design was used, using qualitative methods. We used a modified version of the PSEA tool to conduct the audit. A single researcher completed the audit via observations and direct questioning of relevant school community stakeholders. The outcome of the audit was communicated back to the individuals at the schools in the form of a simple report using visual data and a short presentation.
Results: The use of direct questioning as part of the audit tool improved participation or discussion between the researcher and stakeholders. The feedback session proved useful, as new information emerged that enhanced data collection. Furthermore, during the feedback session, the school administration had the opportunity to moderate the information collected, and to provide any feedback they may have had.
Conclusion: The innovative components of the audit tool used in our study resulted in enhanced data trustworthiness and community engagement, which may be applicable to other community- based research.
Key words: Audit tool, nutrition, obesogenic environment, primary school, physical activity
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Oral Supplementation and
Intramuscular Injection of Vitamin B12
for Treating Cobalamin
Deficiency: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kyung Eun Lee, Hyo Jin Park, Yinghua Cui
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The common treatments for vitamin B12 (Vit.B12) deficiency are oral supplementation (OS) and intramuscular (IM) injection. However, there have been debates on which treatment is more effective. Therefore, this analysis is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of OS and IM injection using systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: A search was undertaken in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and KoreaMed for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the study subject. We included papers that compared OS and IM injection methods for vitamin B12 treatment for cobalamin deficient patients. Changes in vitamin B12 serum levels before and after the treatments were compared. SPSS program version 18.0 and Review Manager 5.2 were used.
Results: The search revealed only three appropriate studies for our analysis, involving a total of 141 patients, out of whom, 66 were given OS and 75 IM injection. The standardised mean difference (SMD) between OS and IM injection was 0.14 (95% CI = -0.20, 0.48, p = 0.42). In considering tolerability, adverse events, and cost, OS was found to be better than IM injection.
Conclusion: OS is recommended over IM injection for Vit.B12 treatment method.
Key words: Cobalamin, meta-analysis, systematic review, vitamin B12 vitamin B12 deficiency
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Introduction: The common treatments for vitamin B12 (Vit.B12) deficiency are oral supplementation (OS) and intramuscular (IM) injection. However, there have been debates on which treatment is more effective. Therefore, this analysis is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of OS and IM injection using systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: A search was undertaken in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and KoreaMed for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the study subject. We included papers that compared OS and IM injection methods for vitamin B12 treatment for cobalamin deficient patients. Changes in vitamin B12 serum levels before and after the treatments were compared. SPSS program version 18.0 and Review Manager 5.2 were used.
Results: The search revealed only three appropriate studies for our analysis, involving a total of 141 patients, out of whom, 66 were given OS and 75 IM injection. The standardised mean difference (SMD) between OS and IM injection was 0.14 (95% CI = -0.20, 0.48, p = 0.42). In considering tolerability, adverse events, and cost, OS was found to be better than IM injection.
Conclusion: OS is recommended over IM injection for Vit.B12 treatment method.
Key words: Cobalamin, meta-analysis, systematic review, vitamin B12 vitamin B12 deficiency
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Back Matters
Download PDFMalaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 22 No.2 (Supplement), 2016
Table of Content
Invited Editorial
Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs): Their Future
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The promulgation of the joint WHO-FAO Cyprus Declaration in 1995, established the prin-ciples and procedures for countries to develop their customised Food-Based Dietary Guide-lines (FBDGs). One of the earliest acculturation of the FBDGs was undertaken by WHO for the Western Pacific region. This process has been continued for the Southeast Asian re-gion, where revisions have now been made to reflect its changing health patterns and food systems. The greatest challenge to FBDG revision is how climate change is and will affect food supply and health. The world has become more populous, the risks to food insecurity have escalated with growing inequity, conflict and mass migration are rife, trading arrange-ments have become fragile, and climate change is proceeding apace. The future depends on sustainable ecosystems, the food and water they provide and us as ecological beings.
Key words: Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, Southeast Asia, sustainable ecosystems
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Introduction: The promulgation of the joint WHO-FAO Cyprus Declaration in 1995, established the prin-ciples and procedures for countries to develop their customised Food-Based Dietary Guide-lines (FBDGs). One of the earliest acculturation of the FBDGs was undertaken by WHO for the Western Pacific region. This process has been continued for the Southeast Asian re-gion, where revisions have now been made to reflect its changing health patterns and food systems. The greatest challenge to FBDG revision is how climate change is and will affect food supply and health. The world has become more populous, the risks to food insecurity have escalated with growing inequity, conflict and mass migration are rife, trading arrange-ments have become fragile, and climate change is proceeding apace. The future depends on sustainable ecosystems, the food and water they provide and us as ecological beings.
Key words: Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, Southeast Asia, sustainable ecosystems
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Editor's Commentary
More Food for Thought on Food-Based Dietary Guidelines
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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines of Southeast Asian Countries: Part 1 - A Compilation and Analysis of Key Messages
Tee ES, Hardinsyah R, Fiorentino RF, Ismail MN, Suthutvoravut U & Hop LT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: A project to compile and analyse the key messages and scientific rationale of the officially published food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in six Southeast Asian countries was undertaken to understand their similarities and differences. Methods: Key messages and the accompanying scientific rationale in the FBDGs of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were compiled, with similar messages grouped together by topics. For each topic, the key message and scientific rationale were analysed for similarities and differences.
Methods: Key messages and the accompanying scientific rationale in the FBDGs of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were compiled, with similar messages grouped together by topics. For each topic, the key message and scientific rationale were analysed for similarities and differences.
Results: A total of 17 topics were identified, covering a wide range of subjects. Twelve of the topics were present in FBDGs of at least four of the countries studied. Hence, there are more similarities than differences in these key messages. This can be expected as countries in the Southeast Asian region do share general socio-demographic similarities. They also face similar problems of the co-existence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition, the latter afflicting an increasing proportion of the population. The scientific rationale used by the countries to substantiate the key messages are rather similar for almost all the topics. Future work in FBDGs should therefore focus on ensuring effective implementation of these messages so as to ensure sufficient understanding and greater adherence to the key messages by the community.
Conclusion: Countries generally realise the importance of establishing a set of dietary guidelines, developed through consensus and based on current understanding of nutrition science. There could be greater sharing and collaboration among the countries in the region particularly in the areas of development, effective dissemination, promotion and implementation of FBDGs.
Key words: Food-based dietary guidelines, key messages, public health nutrition, scientific rationale, Southeast Asia
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Introduction: A project to compile and analyse the key messages and scientific rationale of the officially published food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in six Southeast Asian countries was undertaken to understand their similarities and differences. Methods: Key messages and the accompanying scientific rationale in the FBDGs of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were compiled, with similar messages grouped together by topics. For each topic, the key message and scientific rationale were analysed for similarities and differences.
Methods: Key messages and the accompanying scientific rationale in the FBDGs of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were compiled, with similar messages grouped together by topics. For each topic, the key message and scientific rationale were analysed for similarities and differences.
Results: A total of 17 topics were identified, covering a wide range of subjects. Twelve of the topics were present in FBDGs of at least four of the countries studied. Hence, there are more similarities than differences in these key messages. This can be expected as countries in the Southeast Asian region do share general socio-demographic similarities. They also face similar problems of the co-existence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition, the latter afflicting an increasing proportion of the population. The scientific rationale used by the countries to substantiate the key messages are rather similar for almost all the topics. Future work in FBDGs should therefore focus on ensuring effective implementation of these messages so as to ensure sufficient understanding and greater adherence to the key messages by the community.
Conclusion: Countries generally realise the importance of establishing a set of dietary guidelines, developed through consensus and based on current understanding of nutrition science. There could be greater sharing and collaboration among the countries in the region particularly in the areas of development, effective dissemination, promotion and implementation of FBDGs.
Key words: Food-based dietary guidelines, key messages, public health nutrition, scientific rationale, Southeast Asia
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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines of Southeast Asian Countries: Part 2 - Analysis of Pictorial Food Guides
Fiorentino RF, Tee ES, Hardinsyah R, Ismail MN, Suthutvomvut U & Hop LT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Part 2 of the manuscript compares the the main pictorial food guides and food plates of the officially published food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) of six countries of the Southeast Asian region
Methods: The main pictorial food guides in each of the six FBDGs, together with available explanatory notes, were extracted and analysed in terms of various attributes such as their shapes and graphics, food groupings and their contents and recommended amounts. In addition, food plates, if available in the countries surveyed, were also analysed.
Results: All the six countries surveyed adopted different pictorial food guides. Indonesia uses a culinary icon, a cone-shaped rice dish, while Thailand uses an inverted food pyramid. The food pyramid is used in the other four countries, namely Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. While differing in their visual presentations and several minor details, the six pictorial food guides are similar in their essential attributes. Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore have introduced the food plate as additional visual guides. Although there are several differences in the way these three food plates are presented, they are based on the same basic concept of imparting the message of balance and proportionality among the major food groups. Additional related images or messages provided include drinking enough water, personal hygiene and increasing physical activity.
Conclusion: The pictorial food guides and food plates of the countries surveyed all aimed to serve as simple nutrition education tools in encouraging the population to adopt healthy diets. They are all based on the principles of variety, proportionality and balance.
Key words: Food-based dietary guidelines, food plates, food pyramids, pictorial food guides, public health nutrition, Southeast Asia
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Introduction: Part 2 of the manuscript compares the the main pictorial food guides and food plates of the officially published food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) of six countries of the Southeast Asian region
Methods: The main pictorial food guides in each of the six FBDGs, together with available explanatory notes, were extracted and analysed in terms of various attributes such as their shapes and graphics, food groupings and their contents and recommended amounts. In addition, food plates, if available in the countries surveyed, were also analysed.
Results: All the six countries surveyed adopted different pictorial food guides. Indonesia uses a culinary icon, a cone-shaped rice dish, while Thailand uses an inverted food pyramid. The food pyramid is used in the other four countries, namely Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. While differing in their visual presentations and several minor details, the six pictorial food guides are similar in their essential attributes. Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore have introduced the food plate as additional visual guides. Although there are several differences in the way these three food plates are presented, they are based on the same basic concept of imparting the message of balance and proportionality among the major food groups. Additional related images or messages provided include drinking enough water, personal hygiene and increasing physical activity.
Conclusion: The pictorial food guides and food plates of the countries surveyed all aimed to serve as simple nutrition education tools in encouraging the population to adopt healthy diets. They are all based on the principles of variety, proportionality and balance.
Key words: Food-based dietary guidelines, food plates, food pyramids, pictorial food guides, public health nutrition, Southeast Asia
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 22 No.3, 2016
Table of Content
Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake and Body Composition
Relationship Between Vitamin D, PTH and Insulin Resistance in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Kabir Mamdouh B, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Khoshbaten M, Jamali H & Abedi RS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of several genes associated with metabolic disorders. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between serum 25 (OH) D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Methods: A case-control study was carried out among patients with NAFLD (n= 80) as cases and age-matched subjects without NAFLD (n= 80) as controls. After 8-12 h of fasting, serum 25 (OH) D, insulin and PTH levels were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the relationship between vitamin D and PTH and insulin resistance in the development of NAFLD by adjusting for the confounders (sex, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio).
Results: There was no significant difference in sunlight exposure between the two groups (p= 0.274). Patients with NAFLD had significantly lower serum 25(OH) D levels and higher PTH levels compared to subjects without NAFLD ( p < 0.001). The association between NAFLD and low 25(OH) vitamin D levels was independent of confounders (adjusted OR: 8.78, CI 95%:1.71, 45.03). Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) as insulin resistance index was significantly high in the NAFLD group (adjusted OR: 1.80, CI 95%: 1.32, 2.47).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that lower serum 25 (OH) D levels and higher HOMA indices were independently associated with increased odds of NAFLD and there was a direct but not significant relationship between PTH serum levels and the risk of NAFLD.
Key words: 25(OH) D, insulin resistance, NAFLD, obesity, PTH
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Introduction: Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of several genes associated with metabolic disorders. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between serum 25 (OH) D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Methods: A case-control study was carried out among patients with NAFLD (n= 80) as cases and age-matched subjects without NAFLD (n= 80) as controls. After 8-12 h of fasting, serum 25 (OH) D, insulin and PTH levels were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the relationship between vitamin D and PTH and insulin resistance in the development of NAFLD by adjusting for the confounders (sex, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio).
Results: There was no significant difference in sunlight exposure between the two groups (p= 0.274). Patients with NAFLD had significantly lower serum 25(OH) D levels and higher PTH levels compared to subjects without NAFLD ( p < 0.001). The association between NAFLD and low 25(OH) vitamin D levels was independent of confounders (adjusted OR: 8.78, CI 95%:1.71, 45.03). Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) as insulin resistance index was significantly high in the NAFLD group (adjusted OR: 1.80, CI 95%: 1.32, 2.47).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that lower serum 25 (OH) D levels and higher HOMA indices were independently associated with increased odds of NAFLD and there was a direct but not significant relationship between PTH serum levels and the risk of NAFLD.
Key words: 25(OH) D, insulin resistance, NAFLD, obesity, PTH
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Plasma Antioxidant Vitamins Are Not Related to Body Mass
Index but Socio-demographic Factors among Apparently
Healthy Nigerians Resident in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
Ugwuja EI, Famurewa AC, Obuna AJ, Uro-Chukwu H & Ejikeme BN
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Existing literature suggests that oxidative stress may be an important underlying denominator for obesity development and its co-morbidities. The beneficial role of antioxidants in the prevention of oxidative stress and development of diseases is well known. The present study explored the associations between antioxidant vitamins and body mass index (BMI) with other health-related factors in apparently healthy Nigerians.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 443 apparently healthy adults aged 18-83 years (mean 38.4±13.7 years) were recruited. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic data of the participants while weight (kg) and height (m) were determined using standard procedures. Participants were categorised as underweight (n=18), normal weight (n=259), overweight (n=124) and obese (n=42) in accordance with WHO BMI classification. Blood samples were collected for determination of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E using HPLC.
Results: The prevalence of obesity in our study population was 9.5%. Obesity and overweight were found to be more prevalent among the artisans and individuals with secondary education. Vitamins A, C and E levels were not significantly different ( p >0.05) among the BMI groups.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a non-significant relationship between plasma antioxidant vitamins and BMI in apparently healthy Nigerians in Abakaliki. However, our study suggests that secondary education and the middle age group (31-40 years) may be associated with overweight and obesity.
Key words: Antioxidant vitamins, body mass index, obesity, overweight, socio- demographic factors, underweight
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Introduction: Existing literature suggests that oxidative stress may be an important underlying denominator for obesity development and its co-morbidities. The beneficial role of antioxidants in the prevention of oxidative stress and development of diseases is well known. The present study explored the associations between antioxidant vitamins and body mass index (BMI) with other health-related factors in apparently healthy Nigerians.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 443 apparently healthy adults aged 18-83 years (mean 38.4±13.7 years) were recruited. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic data of the participants while weight (kg) and height (m) were determined using standard procedures. Participants were categorised as underweight (n=18), normal weight (n=259), overweight (n=124) and obese (n=42) in accordance with WHO BMI classification. Blood samples were collected for determination of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E using HPLC.
Results: The prevalence of obesity in our study population was 9.5%. Obesity and overweight were found to be more prevalent among the artisans and individuals with secondary education. Vitamins A, C and E levels were not significantly different ( p >0.05) among the BMI groups.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a non-significant relationship between plasma antioxidant vitamins and BMI in apparently healthy Nigerians in Abakaliki. However, our study suggests that secondary education and the middle age group (31-40 years) may be associated with overweight and obesity.
Key words: Antioxidant vitamins, body mass index, obesity, overweight, socio- demographic factors, underweight
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Body Adiposity Index in Relation to Body Mass Index and Central Adiposity Measures in Preschool Children from Purulia, West Bengal, India
Sudip Datta Banik, Subal Das & Paramita Bhattacharjee
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Many indices are available to evaluate adiposity. A new index, body adiposity index (BAIp) (expressed in % fat) for children [Hip circumference (cm)/ Height (m)0.8) – 38] has been developed (El Aarbaoui et al. , 2013). The objective of the present study was to use the index in a sample of preschool children to un - derstand the association between BAIp and other anthropometric characteristics estimating adiposity.
Methods: T he study was cross-sectional and the participants were 2- to 5-year-old preschoolers (505 boys and 463 girls) from Purulia district in West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements recorded were height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC); derived indices were body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measures including waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI) and BAIp.
Results: Mean age of the participants was 4.03 years. Significant sex differences ( p < 0.05) of anthropo - metric characteristics were found with respect to the mean values of body weight, BMI, HC, WHR, CI, and BAIp. Mean value of BAIp was higher in girls (13.0%fat) than in boys (12.28%fat). The BAIp was highly correlated ( p < 0.05) to WHtR (r= 0.87 in boys, 0.86 in girls) than to BMI (r= 0.36 in boys, 0.41 in girls) and CI (r= 0.52 in boys, 0.46 in girls). In linear regression models, adiposity measures were observed to be significantly related to BAIp in preschoolers; age and sex were other predictors; coefficient was highest for WHtR (78.89) and least for WC (0.34).
Conclusion: The results confirmed the existing hypothesis that BAIp, as an index for the assessment of children’s body fatness, works with acceptable accuracy.
Key words: Adiposity, BMI, conicity index, waist-height ratio waist-hip ratio
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Introduction: Many indices are available to evaluate adiposity. A new index, body adiposity index (BAIp) (expressed in % fat) for children [Hip circumference (cm)/ Height (m)0.8) – 38] has been developed (El Aarbaoui et al. , 2013). The objective of the present study was to use the index in a sample of preschool children to un - derstand the association between BAIp and other anthropometric characteristics estimating adiposity.
Methods: T he study was cross-sectional and the participants were 2- to 5-year-old preschoolers (505 boys and 463 girls) from Purulia district in West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements recorded were height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC); derived indices were body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measures including waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI) and BAIp.
Results: Mean age of the participants was 4.03 years. Significant sex differences ( p < 0.05) of anthropo - metric characteristics were found with respect to the mean values of body weight, BMI, HC, WHR, CI, and BAIp. Mean value of BAIp was higher in girls (13.0%fat) than in boys (12.28%fat). The BAIp was highly correlated ( p < 0.05) to WHtR (r= 0.87 in boys, 0.86 in girls) than to BMI (r= 0.36 in boys, 0.41 in girls) and CI (r= 0.52 in boys, 0.46 in girls). In linear regression models, adiposity measures were observed to be significantly related to BAIp in preschoolers; age and sex were other predictors; coefficient was highest for WHtR (78.89) and least for WC (0.34).
Conclusion: The results confirmed the existing hypothesis that BAIp, as an index for the assessment of children’s body fatness, works with acceptable accuracy.
Key words: Adiposity, BMI, conicity index, waist-height ratio waist-hip ratio
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Nutritional, Physical and Cognitive Status among Pre-Frail
and Frail Malaysian Older Adults
Badrasawi M, Suzana S, Zahara AM & Devinder KAS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Frailty is related to physical function, nutritional status, and cognition; however, these factors are rarely investigated comprehensively in a single study. Thus, this study aimed to examine the differences in nutritional, physical and cognitive function among frail, pre-frail and robust Malaysian elderly.
Methods: A total of 473 participants were randomly selected from ten different areas in Klang Valley by multistage random sampling. Frailty was characterised using the Fried criteria. Anthropometric measurements, diet intake, body composition, and physical and cognitive function were assessed. Kruskal Wallis test was employed to examine the relationship between the independent variables and frailty.
Results: Frail subjects had significant higher body mass index (26.8±4.4kg/m2) compared to pre-frail (25.7±4.4 kg/m2) and robust (24.9±3.9kg/m2), (p<0.05). The same trend was found in waist circumference, an indicator for abdominal obesity. On the other hand, calf circumference, fat free mass, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were lower in frail subjects (p<0.05 for all parameters). In fact, calf circumference in frail, pre-frail and robust groups were 34.6±3.6 cm, 34.5±3.6 cm and 35.6±5 cm, respectively (p<0.05). Frail subjects had the highest hours of overnight fasting and percent of energy intake and the poorest physical and cognitive performance compared to the other groups (p<0.05 for all parameters)
Conclusion: Frail subjects are being categorised as obese with high fat intake but had muscle wasting and longer overnight fasting, together with known poor physical function and cognitive status. There is a need to strategically prevent frailty through a comprehensive diet, physical function and cognitive training.
Key words: Frailty, nutritional status, physical functions, cognitive function, elderly
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Introduction: Frailty is related to physical function, nutritional status, and cognition; however, these factors are rarely investigated comprehensively in a single study. Thus, this study aimed to examine the differences in nutritional, physical and cognitive function among frail, pre-frail and robust Malaysian elderly.
Methods: A total of 473 participants were randomly selected from ten different areas in Klang Valley by multistage random sampling. Frailty was characterised using the Fried criteria. Anthropometric measurements, diet intake, body composition, and physical and cognitive function were assessed. Kruskal Wallis test was employed to examine the relationship between the independent variables and frailty.
Results: Frail subjects had significant higher body mass index (26.8±4.4kg/m2) compared to pre-frail (25.7±4.4 kg/m2) and robust (24.9±3.9kg/m2), (p<0.05). The same trend was found in waist circumference, an indicator for abdominal obesity. On the other hand, calf circumference, fat free mass, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were lower in frail subjects (p<0.05 for all parameters). In fact, calf circumference in frail, pre-frail and robust groups were 34.6±3.6 cm, 34.5±3.6 cm and 35.6±5 cm, respectively (p<0.05). Frail subjects had the highest hours of overnight fasting and percent of energy intake and the poorest physical and cognitive performance compared to the other groups (p<0.05 for all parameters)
Conclusion: Frail subjects are being categorised as obese with high fat intake but had muscle wasting and longer overnight fasting, together with known poor physical function and cognitive status. There is a need to strategically prevent frailty through a comprehensive diet, physical function and cognitive training.
Key words: Frailty, nutritional status, physical functions, cognitive function, elderly
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Assessing Physical Activity Levels of Elderly Malays Living in
Semi-Rural Areas Using Tri-Axial Accelerometer
Nurdiana A, Brown WJ, Clark B, Ahmad Munir CM & Rabindarjeet Singh
ABSTRACT
Background: Population-based physical activity (PA) data are lacking in multicultural South East Asia. Malaysian elderly Malays, for example, are occupied daily with religious and community activities. Those living in rural areas also have a distinctively different lifestyle in terms of walking habits and leisure-time activities, compared to people from urban areas.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 146 community-dwelling Malay adults aged 60 to 85 years (mean (SD) = 67.6 (6.4) years) living in semi-rural areas in Seberang Perai Utara, Penang, Malaysia. Each participant was interviewed using a questionnaire for their socio-economic background and self-reported PA levels. Then, the participants were invited to wear an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X or GT3X+) during their waking hours for seven consecutive days.
Results: Daily activity patterns of the participants were dominated by sedentary time (7.9 (SD 2.1) hours/day; 52% of wear time) and light intensity activity (7.0 (1.9) hours/day; 46% of wear time). The participants spent 24 (SD 30) minutes daily in ‘health enhancing’ (i.e. moderate-vigorous intensity) activities. Men spent significantly more time in higher intensity acti-vities than women. Average daily step count was more than 10,000 (mean = 12,542 [4,857]) steps/day.
Conclusion: Based on the accelerometer counts, these elderly Malay participants were assessed to be sedentary for most of the time during the day, though their daily step count exceeded 10,000 on average. Community-living older adults, especially women,should be encouraged to increase their physical activity levels.
Key words: Malaysian, older adults, physical activity assessment, tri-axial, vector magnitude
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Background: Population-based physical activity (PA) data are lacking in multicultural South East Asia. Malaysian elderly Malays, for example, are occupied daily with religious and community activities. Those living in rural areas also have a distinctively different lifestyle in terms of walking habits and leisure-time activities, compared to people from urban areas.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 146 community-dwelling Malay adults aged 60 to 85 years (mean (SD) = 67.6 (6.4) years) living in semi-rural areas in Seberang Perai Utara, Penang, Malaysia. Each participant was interviewed using a questionnaire for their socio-economic background and self-reported PA levels. Then, the participants were invited to wear an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X or GT3X+) during their waking hours for seven consecutive days.
Results: Daily activity patterns of the participants were dominated by sedentary time (7.9 (SD 2.1) hours/day; 52% of wear time) and light intensity activity (7.0 (1.9) hours/day; 46% of wear time). The participants spent 24 (SD 30) minutes daily in ‘health enhancing’ (i.e. moderate-vigorous intensity) activities. Men spent significantly more time in higher intensity acti-vities than women. Average daily step count was more than 10,000 (mean = 12,542 [4,857]) steps/day.
Conclusion: Based on the accelerometer counts, these elderly Malay participants were assessed to be sedentary for most of the time during the day, though their daily step count exceeded 10,000 on average. Community-living older adults, especially women,should be encouraged to increase their physical activity levels.
Key words: Malaysian, older adults, physical activity assessment, tri-axial, vector magnitude
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Determination of Calf Circumference Cut-Off Values for Malaysian Elderly and its Predictive Value in Assessing Risk of Malnutrition
Sakinah H, Siti NurAsyura A & Suzana S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Malnutrition is a growing problem but quite often under-recognised in elderly people. Calf circumference (CC) is a simple measurement that can be used to identify elderly people who are at high risk of malnutrition; however, a population-specific cut-off point must be developed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine suitable cut-off points and evaluate the predictive value of the CC cut-off point for elderly Malaysians.
Methods: A total of 820 persons comprising 433 men and 387 women were recruited as subjects. The mean age was 69.0 ± 6.8 and ranged between 60 to 97 years. Data were collected from Sabak Bernam, Selangor; Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan; Pasir Mas, Kelantan, and Kodiang, Kedah. A linear regression analysis with the z-score procedure by gender was used to derive the CC prediction equations.
Results: The CC cut-off points for men and women at risk of malnutrition were 30.1 cm and 27.3 cm, respectively. The final predictive CC equations for men was CC (cm) = 3.69 (z score) + 33.81, R2 = 1 and CC (cm) = 0.7103 (BMI) + 18.54, R2 = 1; and for women, CC (cm) = 4.31 (z score) + 31.63, R2 = 1 and CC (cm) = 0.6698(BMI) + 16.847, R2 = 1. Based on these equations, using the z-score equal to negative 1 for men (BMI 16.30 kg/m2 ) and women (BMI 15.64 kg/m2 ), the mean of the predictive value of the CC cut-off point was 32.0 ± 4.2 cm in men and 30.5 ± 4.6 cm in women.
Conclusion: It is suggested that these cut-off points be used to screen elderly individuals who are at risk of malnutrition. Further studies should be undertaken to further verify the application of the findings of this study.
Key words: Calf circumference, cut-off point, Malaysian elderly, malnutrition, nutritional risk
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Introduction: Malnutrition is a growing problem but quite often under-recognised in elderly people. Calf circumference (CC) is a simple measurement that can be used to identify elderly people who are at high risk of malnutrition; however, a population-specific cut-off point must be developed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine suitable cut-off points and evaluate the predictive value of the CC cut-off point for elderly Malaysians.
Methods: A total of 820 persons comprising 433 men and 387 women were recruited as subjects. The mean age was 69.0 ± 6.8 and ranged between 60 to 97 years. Data were collected from Sabak Bernam, Selangor; Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan; Pasir Mas, Kelantan, and Kodiang, Kedah. A linear regression analysis with the z-score procedure by gender was used to derive the CC prediction equations.
Results: The CC cut-off points for men and women at risk of malnutrition were 30.1 cm and 27.3 cm, respectively. The final predictive CC equations for men was CC (cm) = 3.69 (z score) + 33.81, R2 = 1 and CC (cm) = 0.7103 (BMI) + 18.54, R2 = 1; and for women, CC (cm) = 4.31 (z score) + 31.63, R2 = 1 and CC (cm) = 0.6698(BMI) + 16.847, R2 = 1. Based on these equations, using the z-score equal to negative 1 for men (BMI 16.30 kg/m2 ) and women (BMI 15.64 kg/m2 ), the mean of the predictive value of the CC cut-off point was 32.0 ± 4.2 cm in men and 30.5 ± 4.6 cm in women.
Conclusion: It is suggested that these cut-off points be used to screen elderly individuals who are at risk of malnutrition. Further studies should be undertaken to further verify the application of the findings of this study.
Key words: Calf circumference, cut-off point, Malaysian elderly, malnutrition, nutritional risk
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Association Between Body Image Dissatisfaction and Body
Mass Index, Eating Habits and Weight Control Practices among
Mauritian Adolescents
Gitika Balluck, Bibi Zaynab Toorabally & Muzzammil Hosenally
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Adolescence is a nutritionally vulnerable period owing to rapid physical and psychological changes. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and its association with body mass index (BMI), eating habits and weight control practices among Mauritian adolescents.
Methods: A total of 200 adolescents aged 14-17 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were conveniently recruited from public places. Height and weight measurements were taken to determine BMI. The respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographics, eating behaviour, Figure Rating (Stunkard Scale with silhouettes 1 to 9 indicating from the most lean to the most heavy figure), and attempts to manage weight.
Results: Overall, 73.5% of re - spondents had normal BMI, with more males being overweight (12.5%) and obese (3.1%) than females. Body image dissatisfaction (BID) was higher among the males (76.0%) while BMI showed a significant influence on the body image of both genders. Males perceived silhouette 4 as an ideal body figure while females desired silhouette 3. Previous dieting was reported by all categories of body weight. Adolescents with satisfied body image tended to eat more fruits and vegetable. Adolescents with BID showed a higher likelihood of skipping breakfast (41.6%) and dinner (20.8%) and had a higher snacking frequency (72.0%). Almost all (96.1%) consumed fast food.
Conclusion: BID appears to be a matter of concern among Mauritian adolescents. The findings emphasise the need for nutrition education programs promoting healthy weight management among adolescents.
Key words: Adolescents, body image, BMI, eating habits, weight control
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Introduction: Adolescence is a nutritionally vulnerable period owing to rapid physical and psychological changes. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and its association with body mass index (BMI), eating habits and weight control practices among Mauritian adolescents.
Methods: A total of 200 adolescents aged 14-17 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were conveniently recruited from public places. Height and weight measurements were taken to determine BMI. The respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographics, eating behaviour, Figure Rating (Stunkard Scale with silhouettes 1 to 9 indicating from the most lean to the most heavy figure), and attempts to manage weight.
Results: Overall, 73.5% of re - spondents had normal BMI, with more males being overweight (12.5%) and obese (3.1%) than females. Body image dissatisfaction (BID) was higher among the males (76.0%) while BMI showed a significant influence on the body image of both genders. Males perceived silhouette 4 as an ideal body figure while females desired silhouette 3. Previous dieting was reported by all categories of body weight. Adolescents with satisfied body image tended to eat more fruits and vegetable. Adolescents with BID showed a higher likelihood of skipping breakfast (41.6%) and dinner (20.8%) and had a higher snacking frequency (72.0%). Almost all (96.1%) consumed fast food.
Conclusion: BID appears to be a matter of concern among Mauritian adolescents. The findings emphasise the need for nutrition education programs promoting healthy weight management among adolescents.
Key words: Adolescents, body image, BMI, eating habits, weight control
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Associations between Personality Traits and Body Weight
Status with Energy Intake of Adolescents in Hulu Langat
District, Malaysia
Aainaa Syarfa MS, Zuriati I & Mohd Nasir MT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Personality traits are divided into five basic dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness. These influence our attitudes and behaviours. Studies show that differences in personality traits may influence the dietary intake.
Methods: A cross-sectional study aimed at determining the association between personality traits and body weight status with energy intake was conducted among adolescents in Hulu Langat district of Selangor. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and respondents completed a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Personality traits were assessed using the Malay version of USM Personality (USMaP-i). A single 24-h dietary recall was used to assess dietary intake.
Results: A total of 430 adolescents aged 13-16 years (46% male and 54% female) was recruited. Female respondents tended to be more neurotic and agreeable compared to male respondents. A majority of the respondents (67%) were in the normal weight category, 26.7% were overweight and obese, while 19.0% had a high risk of developing abdominal obesity with a mean waist circumference of 72.65 ± 10.93cm. Males significantly had a higher intake of energy (1425±583 kcal), compared to females (1232±462 kcal). Conscientiousness trait (r=-0.158, p<0.01), BMI-for-age (r=-0.147, p<0.01) and waist circumference (r=-0.108, p<0.05) were inversely related to the energy intake of the respondents.
Conclusion: Leaner adolescents and individuals with low conscientiousness were significantly consuming more energy than their counterparts. Understanding the personality traits that may regulate caloric intake is essential in order to develop effective interventions towards modifying obesity- inducing eating patterns.
Key words: Adolescent, body weight status, energy intake, obesity, personality traits.
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Introduction: Personality traits are divided into five basic dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness. These influence our attitudes and behaviours. Studies show that differences in personality traits may influence the dietary intake.
Methods: A cross-sectional study aimed at determining the association between personality traits and body weight status with energy intake was conducted among adolescents in Hulu Langat district of Selangor. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and respondents completed a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Personality traits were assessed using the Malay version of USM Personality (USMaP-i). A single 24-h dietary recall was used to assess dietary intake.
Results: A total of 430 adolescents aged 13-16 years (46% male and 54% female) was recruited. Female respondents tended to be more neurotic and agreeable compared to male respondents. A majority of the respondents (67%) were in the normal weight category, 26.7% were overweight and obese, while 19.0% had a high risk of developing abdominal obesity with a mean waist circumference of 72.65 ± 10.93cm. Males significantly had a higher intake of energy (1425±583 kcal), compared to females (1232±462 kcal). Conscientiousness trait (r=-0.158, p<0.01), BMI-for-age (r=-0.147, p<0.01) and waist circumference (r=-0.108, p<0.05) were inversely related to the energy intake of the respondents.
Conclusion: Leaner adolescents and individuals with low conscientiousness were significantly consuming more energy than their counterparts. Understanding the personality traits that may regulate caloric intake is essential in order to develop effective interventions towards modifying obesity- inducing eating patterns.
Key words: Adolescent, body weight status, energy intake, obesity, personality traits.
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Nutrients, Food Composition and Phytochemicals
Comparison of Antioxidant Contents of Thai Honeys to
Manuka Honey
Bundit T, Anothai T, Pattaramart P, Roongpet T & Chuleeporn S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Natural honey has been valued in traditional medicine having demonstrated many antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activities of 12 types of honey from Thailand and manuka honey from New Zealand.
Methods: Antioxidant contents of phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ascorbic acid content, 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) , and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ( TEAC ) were determined i n Thai and manuka honey samples.
Results: All of the 12 types of Thai (n=54) and manuka (n=3) honey varied in range for phenolic content (210 -1,519 , 563-785 mg GAE/kg ), FRAP value (600-9,183, 3,866-4,933 μM Fe(II)/ kg), ascorbic acid content (103 -386, 913-1,212 mg/kg ), DPPH radical scavenging activity (25-528, 259-310 mg Trolox/kg) and TEAC content (96-636, 328-421 mg Trolox/kg). Mangosteen honey had the highest content of phenolics (1,495 ±20 mg GAE/kg ), FRAP value ( 9,083± 100 μM Fe(II)/kg), DPPH radical scavenging activity (522 ±6 mg Trolox/kg) and TEAC content (632 ±3 mgTrolox/kg).
Conclusion: Antioxidant activities in mangosteen and rambutan honey presented significantly higher values than manuka honey in terms of phenolic content, DPPH and TEAC. Manuka honey contained the highest vitamin C content ( 1,194± 18 mg/ kg). However, the values for antioxidant properties were dependent on source of honey. Some honeys from Thailand were found to be a better source of antioxidant properties compared to manuka honey.
Key words: Antioxidants, free radicals, honey, Thailand
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Introduction: Natural honey has been valued in traditional medicine having demonstrated many antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activities of 12 types of honey from Thailand and manuka honey from New Zealand.
Methods: Antioxidant contents of phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ascorbic acid content, 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) , and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ( TEAC ) were determined i n Thai and manuka honey samples.
Results: All of the 12 types of Thai (n=54) and manuka (n=3) honey varied in range for phenolic content (210 -1,519 , 563-785 mg GAE/kg ), FRAP value (600-9,183, 3,866-4,933 μM Fe(II)/ kg), ascorbic acid content (103 -386, 913-1,212 mg/kg ), DPPH radical scavenging activity (25-528, 259-310 mg Trolox/kg) and TEAC content (96-636, 328-421 mg Trolox/kg). Mangosteen honey had the highest content of phenolics (1,495 ±20 mg GAE/kg ), FRAP value ( 9,083± 100 μM Fe(II)/kg), DPPH radical scavenging activity (522 ±6 mg Trolox/kg) and TEAC content (632 ±3 mgTrolox/kg).
Conclusion: Antioxidant activities in mangosteen and rambutan honey presented significantly higher values than manuka honey in terms of phenolic content, DPPH and TEAC. Manuka honey contained the highest vitamin C content ( 1,194± 18 mg/ kg). However, the values for antioxidant properties were dependent on source of honey. Some honeys from Thailand were found to be a better source of antioxidant properties compared to manuka honey.
Key words: Antioxidants, free radicals, honey, Thailand
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Metabolic and Immunologic Alterations of Ginger Rhizome
among Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats
Mansooreh Sadat Mojani, Asmah Rahmat, Rajesh Ramasamy, Vahid Hosseinpour Sarmadi, Pratheep Sandrasaigaran, Shalini Vellasamy & Seyed Majid Akhavan Hejazi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study was conducted to determine immunological and metabolic effects of different concentrations of ginger rhizome ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe ) in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA) induced diabetic rats.
Methods: Forty-eight fasted male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced diabetes using a single intraperitoneal injection of NA(110 mg/kg b.w.) and STZ (65 mg/kg b.w, 15 min after NA). Diabetic rats orally received either different concentrations (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight) of ginger rhizome suspension or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks. Two control diabetic and normal groups were gavaged with only distilled water as a vehicle.
Results: The results indicated that the lower concentrations of ginger modulated body weight, fasting blood glucose, level of triglyceride and tumor necrosis factor- a (TNF- a ) (p <0.05). In contrast, ginger could not enhance atherogenic indices due to a decline in the level of HDL-c. Immunological features of ginger were evident by a significant lymphocyte proliferation in all treated groups at stimulation by 5 m g/ml PHA ( p <0.001). Level of CD45ra+ (B cell marker) increased significantly in the lowest dose of ginger ( p <0.05, 58%), and 250 mg/kg body weight of ginger was found to be safe for not altering the level of CD4+CD25+ marker ( p >0.05).
Conclusion: Ginger indicated better impact on metabolic and immunologic parameters in lower doses of supplementation compared with high doses of treatment.
Key words: Diabetes, ginger, inflammation, lymphocytes, streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats
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Introduction: This study was conducted to determine immunological and metabolic effects of different concentrations of ginger rhizome ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe ) in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA) induced diabetic rats.
Methods: Forty-eight fasted male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced diabetes using a single intraperitoneal injection of NA(110 mg/kg b.w.) and STZ (65 mg/kg b.w, 15 min after NA). Diabetic rats orally received either different concentrations (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight) of ginger rhizome suspension or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks. Two control diabetic and normal groups were gavaged with only distilled water as a vehicle.
Results: The results indicated that the lower concentrations of ginger modulated body weight, fasting blood glucose, level of triglyceride and tumor necrosis factor- a (TNF- a ) (p <0.05). In contrast, ginger could not enhance atherogenic indices due to a decline in the level of HDL-c. Immunological features of ginger were evident by a significant lymphocyte proliferation in all treated groups at stimulation by 5 m g/ml PHA ( p <0.001). Level of CD45ra+ (B cell marker) increased significantly in the lowest dose of ginger ( p <0.05, 58%), and 250 mg/kg body weight of ginger was found to be safe for not altering the level of CD4+CD25+ marker ( p >0.05).
Conclusion: Ginger indicated better impact on metabolic and immunologic parameters in lower doses of supplementation compared with high doses of treatment.
Key words: Diabetes, ginger, inflammation, lymphocytes, streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats
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Influence of Pre-treatment on Secondary Metabolites and
Hypo-Glycemic Activity of Custard Apple
(Annona squamosa
)
Peel
Nilam Roy & Sasikala S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Plant secondary metabolites, present in the outer layers of fruits and vegetables in higher amounts, are structurally diverse and comprise different classes of phyto-constituents that have a number of health-promoting properties. Blanching is an important pre-treatment that is used to inactivate the enzymatic oxidation.
Methods: This study was designed to investigate the effects of steam blanching (3, 5 and 7 min) and drying (50ºC) of custard apple (Annona squamosa ) peel on the quantification of secondary metabolites and hypo-glycemic activity. Unblanched sample dried at 50ºC served as control. Quantitative tests for alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids were carried out for all samples and in vitro alpha amylase inhibition test was done to confirm the hypo-glycemic properties. All analyses were done in triplicates.
Results: Quantitative results for alkaloids, tannins, saponins showed a significant reduction ( p <0.05) as the blanching time increased, whereas for the unblanched sample, it was not statistically significant ( p >0.05). The exception was observed in the flavonoid content which showed a sig - nificant increase for 3 min and 5 min blanched samples, while the 7 min blanched sample showed a reduction in flavonoid content over the unblanched and fresh samples. Alpha amylase inhibition test similarly showed a decreasing trend for blanched samples ranging from IC50 value of 3.31 to 5.53 μg/mL compared to the unblanched with IC50 value of 4.92 μg/mL and fresh sample with IC50 value of 6.37μg/mL.
Conclusion: From the study, it is inferred that steam blanching and drying have a significant impact on the quantification of secondary metabolites and subsequently on its hypo-glycemic activity. A steam blanching time of 5 min is the optimum for processing of custard apple peel.
Key words: Alpha amylase inhibition, custard apple peel, drying, secondary metabolites, steam blanching
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Introduction: Plant secondary metabolites, present in the outer layers of fruits and vegetables in higher amounts, are structurally diverse and comprise different classes of phyto-constituents that have a number of health-promoting properties. Blanching is an important pre-treatment that is used to inactivate the enzymatic oxidation.
Methods: This study was designed to investigate the effects of steam blanching (3, 5 and 7 min) and drying (50ºC) of custard apple (Annona squamosa ) peel on the quantification of secondary metabolites and hypo-glycemic activity. Unblanched sample dried at 50ºC served as control. Quantitative tests for alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids were carried out for all samples and in vitro alpha amylase inhibition test was done to confirm the hypo-glycemic properties. All analyses were done in triplicates.
Results: Quantitative results for alkaloids, tannins, saponins showed a significant reduction ( p <0.05) as the blanching time increased, whereas for the unblanched sample, it was not statistically significant ( p >0.05). The exception was observed in the flavonoid content which showed a sig - nificant increase for 3 min and 5 min blanched samples, while the 7 min blanched sample showed a reduction in flavonoid content over the unblanched and fresh samples. Alpha amylase inhibition test similarly showed a decreasing trend for blanched samples ranging from IC50 value of 3.31 to 5.53 μg/mL compared to the unblanched with IC50 value of 4.92 μg/mL and fresh sample with IC50 value of 6.37μg/mL.
Conclusion: From the study, it is inferred that steam blanching and drying have a significant impact on the quantification of secondary metabolites and subsequently on its hypo-glycemic activity. A steam blanching time of 5 min is the optimum for processing of custard apple peel.
Key words: Alpha amylase inhibition, custard apple peel, drying, secondary metabolites, steam blanching
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Evaluation of the Stability of the Physico-chemical Properties and Sensory Qualities of Farfalle Pasta from the Region of Guelma, Algeria
S. Boudalia1, EY Mezroua, A Bousbia, M Khaldi, W Merabti & H Namoune
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In the Algeria food industry, reproducibility of quality pasta remains an important challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of the physico-chemical and sensory qualities of pasta produced from the Guelma region.
Methods: The stability of physico-chemical characteristics of both semolina and pasta was evaluated repeatedly over three months. For semolina, the tests included particle size, colour, moisture, ash content and gluten index. For pasta, morphometry, colour, cooking quality (optimal cooking time (OCT), water uptake), cracking rate and manufacturing defect, ash, moisture content as well as sensory qualities were evaluated.
Results: The stability of semolina in the standard manufacturing process was characterised by rates of moisture at 14.46 ± 0.36%; ash content 0.68 ± 0.04%; gluten index 83.75 ± 1.5% ; semolina colour (L: 84.95 ± 0.39, a: -3.43 ± 0.08, b: 37.30 ± 0.57 minimum); and + 50% with grain size: 200 μm
Conclusion: Physicochemical properties and sensory qualities of Farfalle pasta were found to be within
acceptable ranges throughout the duration of the experiment indicating stability
and reproducibility of the standard manufacturing process used in the Algerian
pasta industry.
Key words: Pasta, physico-chemical criteria, semolina, sensory qualities
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Introduction: In the Algeria food industry, reproducibility of quality pasta remains an important challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of the physico-chemical and sensory qualities of pasta produced from the Guelma region.
Methods: The stability of physico-chemical characteristics of both semolina and pasta was evaluated repeatedly over three months. For semolina, the tests included particle size, colour, moisture, ash content and gluten index. For pasta, morphometry, colour, cooking quality (optimal cooking time (OCT), water uptake), cracking rate and manufacturing defect, ash, moisture content as well as sensory qualities were evaluated.
Results: The stability of semolina in the standard manufacturing process was characterised by rates of moisture at 14.46 ± 0.36%; ash content 0.68 ± 0.04%; gluten index 83.75 ± 1.5% ; semolina colour (L: 84.95 ± 0.39, a: -3.43 ± 0.08, b: 37.30 ± 0.57 minimum); and + 50% with grain size: 200 μm
Key words: Pasta, physico-chemical criteria, semolina, sensory qualities
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity and Overweight in Young
Children and Adolescents Aged Between 5 to 15 Years in
Urban Bangladesh: A Scoping Review
Faisal Muhammad, Mustapha Kabir Musa, ABM Alauddin Chhowdhury, Moniruddin Chowdhury & Sifat Rokhsana Hasin
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Risk factors for obesity in this context have not been explored. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with childhood obesity/overweight among young children and adolescents 5-15 years of age in urban Bangladesh.
Methods: A scoping review based on York methodology was performed. This methodology involves a comprehensive search of published academic articles, conference proceedings and grey literature through PubMed, Bangla JOL, Google and Google scholar, limited to English-written papers.
Results: Findings revealed that having at least one overweight parent and engaging in sedentary activities for more than 4 h a day were independent risk factors for childhood overweight and/or obesity.Children who spent ≥ 30 min each day in outdoor games at home that involved physical exercise had decreased odds (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) of being overweight or obese compared to children who did not exercise at home.
Conclusion: Spending much time seated or somewhat inactive were key risk factors for childhood obesity and overweight. More research, prevention and management of childhood obesity/overweight in young children and adolescents in urban Bangladesh should be a policy priority.
Key words: Bangladesh children, childhood health factors, obesity, overweight, prevention, public, risk
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Introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Risk factors for obesity in this context have not been explored. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with childhood obesity/overweight among young children and adolescents 5-15 years of age in urban Bangladesh.
Methods: A scoping review based on York methodology was performed. This methodology involves a comprehensive search of published academic articles, conference proceedings and grey literature through PubMed, Bangla JOL, Google and Google scholar, limited to English-written papers.
Results: Findings revealed that having at least one overweight parent and engaging in sedentary activities for more than 4 h a day were independent risk factors for childhood overweight and/or obesity.Children who spent ≥ 30 min each day in outdoor games at home that involved physical exercise had decreased odds (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) of being overweight or obese compared to children who did not exercise at home.
Conclusion: Spending much time seated or somewhat inactive were key risk factors for childhood obesity and overweight. More research, prevention and management of childhood obesity/overweight in young children and adolescents in urban Bangladesh should be a policy priority.
Key words: Bangladesh children, childhood health factors, obesity, overweight, prevention, public, risk
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Mango (
Mangifera indica
) Stone Kernel Flour –
A Novel Food Ingredient
Lakshmi M, Usha R & Preetha R
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mango stone kernels constitute the bulk of fruit processing waste. This study aimed to characterise the properties of stone kernel flour prepared from three Indian Mango cultivars ( Neelam, Totapuri and Alphonso ) and to identify its functionality as a food ingredient.
Methods: Mango ( Mangifera indica ) stones of Neelam, Totapuri and Alphonso cultivars were selected for the study. Mango stone kernel flour (MSKF) was prepared from the stone wastes collected. Functional and nutritional characteristics of MSKF were studied using standard methods.
Results: MSKF has a water absorption capacity of 3.2-3.4 g/ml and an oil absorption capacity of 0.893 – 1.033g/ml. Flours from the three cultivars depicted a high gelatinisation temperature, wettability and dispersibility. Rheology related property of Least Gelation Concentration identified that at 8%, the MSKF from all three cultivars had the ability to form a stable gel. Properties of emulsion capacity and foaming capacity related to the protein surface of the flours were found to be high. The flours were found to be slightly acidic (4.767 to 4.833) with a high bulk density of 0.791 – 0.816 g/ml. Amongst the nutritional properties of the flours, the Totapuri cultivar was found to contain significantly higher protein (7.4 ± 0.265%), crude fat (10.667 ± 0.262%) and crude fibre (1.767 ± 0.208%) content.
Conclusion: The potential of using this processing by-product as an ingredient in food products was identified from its respective functional and nutritional properties.
Key words: By-product utilisation, food ingredient, functional properties, mango stone kernel flour, nutritional properties
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Introduction: Mango stone kernels constitute the bulk of fruit processing waste. This study aimed to characterise the properties of stone kernel flour prepared from three Indian Mango cultivars ( Neelam, Totapuri and Alphonso ) and to identify its functionality as a food ingredient.
Methods: Mango ( Mangifera indica ) stones of Neelam, Totapuri and Alphonso cultivars were selected for the study. Mango stone kernel flour (MSKF) was prepared from the stone wastes collected. Functional and nutritional characteristics of MSKF were studied using standard methods.
Results: MSKF has a water absorption capacity of 3.2-3.4 g/ml and an oil absorption capacity of 0.893 – 1.033g/ml. Flours from the three cultivars depicted a high gelatinisation temperature, wettability and dispersibility. Rheology related property of Least Gelation Concentration identified that at 8%, the MSKF from all three cultivars had the ability to form a stable gel. Properties of emulsion capacity and foaming capacity related to the protein surface of the flours were found to be high. The flours were found to be slightly acidic (4.767 to 4.833) with a high bulk density of 0.791 – 0.816 g/ml. Amongst the nutritional properties of the flours, the Totapuri cultivar was found to contain significantly higher protein (7.4 ± 0.265%), crude fat (10.667 ± 0.262%) and crude fibre (1.767 ± 0.208%) content.
Conclusion: The potential of using this processing by-product as an ingredient in food products was identified from its respective functional and nutritional properties.
Key words: By-product utilisation, food ingredient, functional properties, mango stone kernel flour, nutritional properties
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Back Matters
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